338
Nationalism Triumphs in Europe
Vocabulary Builder
3
3
SECTION
Step-by-Step
Instruction
Objectives
As you teach this section, keep students
focused on the following objectives to help
them answer the Section Focus Question
and master core content.
■
List the key obstacles to Italian unity.
■
Understand what roles Count Camillo
Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi played
in the struggle for Italy.
■
Describe the challenges that faced the
new nation of Italy.
Prepare to Read
Build Background Knowledge
Ask students to recall the issues facing
the German states during unification.
Ask them to predict what kinds of issues
nationalist leaders in Italy would face as
they tried to unify their country.
Set a Purpose
■
WITNESS HISTORY
WITNESS HISTORY
Read the selection
aloud or play the audio.
AUDIO
Witness History Audio CD,
Stirrings of Nationalism
Ask
What event is Mazzini describ-
ing?
(An Italian rebel was begging for
money so that he could escape after a
failed revolt against Austria.)
Why was
this significant to him?
(He saw this
as a turning point when he realized
that the Italians should be free from
foreign rule.)
■
Focus
Point out the Section Focus
Question and write it on the board.
Tell students to refer to this question
as they read.
(Answer appears with
Section 3 Assessment answers.)
■
Preview
Have students preview the
Section Objectives and the list of
Terms, People, and Places.
■
Have students read this
section using the Guided Questioning
strategy (TE, p. T20). As they read,
have them fill in the timeline with
events that led to Italy’s unification.
Reading and Note Taking Study
Guide,
p. 116
Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use words from this section.
Teaching Resources, Unit 3,
p. 26;
Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook,
p. 3
High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence
constitute, p. 339
vt.
to set up; establish
You need eleven players to
constitute
a soccer team.
successor, p. 340
n.
a person who succeeds another to an office or rank
The senator decided not to run for reelection, and he campaigned for his
assistant to become his
successor
.
L3
L3
WITNESS HISTORY
WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO
33
Unifying Italy
Objectives
• List the key obstacles to Italian unity.
• Understand what roles Count Camillo Cavour
and Giuseppe Garibaldi played in the struggle
for Italy.
• Describe the challenges that faced the new
nation of Italy.
Terms, People, and Places
Camillo Cavour
Giuseppe Garibaldi
anarchist
emigration
Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence As you
read, create a timeline showing the sequence of
events from 1831 to 1871 that led to Italian
unification.
Although the people of the Italian peninsula spoke the same lan-
guage, they had not experienced political unity since Roman
times. By the early 1800s, though, Italian patriots—including
Mazzini, who would become a revolutionary—were determined to
build a new, united Italy. As in Germany, unification was brought
about by the efforts of a strong state and furthered by a shrewd,
ruthless politician—Count Camillo Cavour (kah VOOR).
Obstacles to Italian Unity
For centuries, Italy had been a battleground for ambitious foreign
and local princes. Frequent warfare and foreign rule had led peo-
ple to identify with local regions. The people of Florence consid-
ered themselves Tuscans, those of Venice Venetians, those of
Naples Neapolitans, and so on. But as in Germany, the invasions
of Napoleon had sparked dreams of national unity.
The Congress of Vienna, however, ignored the nationalists who
hoped to end centuries of foreign rule and achieve unity. To Prince
Metternich of Austria, the idea of a unified Italy was laughable. At
Vienna, Austria took control of much of northern Italy, while Haps-
burg monarchs ruled various other Italian states. In the south, a
French Bourbon ruler was put in charge of Naples and Sicily.
In response, nationalists organized secret patriotic societies and
focused their efforts on expelling Austrian forces from northern
Italy. Between 1820 and 1848, nationalist revolts exploded across
the region. Each time, Austria sent in troops to crush the rebels.
Giuseppe Mazzini,
around 1865
Stirrings of Nationalism
After a failed revolution against Austrian rule in northern
Italy, many rebels, fearing retribution, begged for funds to
pay for safe passage to Spain. Giuseppe Mazzini (mat SEE
nee), still a boy, described his reaction to the situation:
“He (a rebel) held out a white handkerchief, merely say-
ing, For the refugees of Italy.’ My mother . . . dropped
some money into the handkerchief. . . . That day was the
first in which a confused idea presented itself to my mind
. . . an idea that we Italians could and therefore ought to
struggle for the liberty of our country. . . .”
—Giuseppe Mazzini,
Life and Writings
Focus Question How did influential leaders help to create
a unified Italy?
1830
1831
Mazzini founds
Young Italy.
1850 1870
Flag of Italy, 1833
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