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Chemistry Honors
Nuclear Chemistry 8: Unit
Homework Classwork Date
Test 7 Unit Thurs, 12l
Nuctear Chemistry (^) lntroduction to -3) 1 (p. (^) Notes 1&
4-9) (p. lntroductjon Case - Case Fites Chemistry
Balancing Nuctear
Pogit Equations
Hal.f-Life and Reactions Nuctear 3&4 (p. 4-8) Notes FnJ2t
(p.10-16)^ ll^ and^ I^ Parts^ Research -^ Files^ Case^ Chemistry
PogiL Hatf-Life
tp.1s-17)
Fusion^ and Fission -9) 8 (p.^ Notes 5 12/19 tllcn
(D.17-20)^ and lV^ lll^ Parts^ Research -^ Case Fites^ Chemistrv
Pogit^ Fusion^ &^ Fission
b.18- .|.ues,
Summary (p.21-23) Case Practice and Additionat 12/
Candinium - Lab Hatf'Life
Review (p.23-26) Test
Test 8 Unit 12121 Wed,
Bomb"^ "Dirty Numb3ers Watch:
Happy Hotidays and
Year New Happy
Objectives:
fusion, radiation fission, life, hatf capture, bombardment, decay, Define: 1.
gamma ray^ particte, etectron, neutron,^ beta particle,^ alpha^ for:^ symbols^ the^ f\now^ 2.
nuctear equations. Write 3.
probtems.^ Hatf Life^ Sotve^ 4.
fusion. fission and contrast Compare and 5.
radiation. ldentify effects of 6.
particte,^ atpha^ fission, chemical reactions, nuctear reactions,^ fusion,^ Radiation, {S:^ TER KEY
radioisotope, decay, radioactiye reaction, radiation, (^) gamma ray, nuctear particte, beta
resource renewabte
Notes^ Nuclear Chemistry^ 8:^ Unit
Minds Gtcat Curie: Morie Notes 1:
and Polish a was nuclear chemistry? She to important is she why and Marie Curie is Who
was the first radioactivity. She who conducted pioneering research on chemist and physicist naturalized-French
Nobel a win to person only win twice, the to woman only (^) first person and Prize, the win a Nobel to woman
the also was She Nobel Prizes. llve of legacy the Curie family of was part sciences, and two different in Prize
be to woman first became the 1995 the University of Paris, and in at professor a woman to become flrst
Paris. in the Panth6on in merits own her on entombed
Nobel physicist, was a French He chemistry? nuclear to important he why is and Who is Henri Becquerel
with Marie along field he, this in work For radioactivity. of to discover evidence person the first and laureate,
the radioactivity, for unit Sl The in Physics. Sklodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie, received the 1903 Nobel Prize
him. named after is becquerel (Bq),
Defined: Terms KE
more or onc into transfomation nucleus undergoes spontaneous a which in process radioactive a^ -^ Deegy
frssion. undcrgocs or elechons, loscs radiation, emits simultaneously and diffcrent nuclci
nucleus. a bombard to high energy particles or radiations against: direct to^ - Bombardmetrt
an which ir nucleus alomic an (^) transformation of Nuclear Physics) thc ( I. n. electron capturc.^ - ggplulg
neutron, thereby a into changed proton is A nucleus. the into absorbed atom is spontancously the fiom electron
l.^ by atomic numbcr the reducing
fbr takes time it measures the lt characteristic constant. a is substance Edioactive ofa half-life The^ - Life Half
thercfore, the and ofdecay, consequcnce a halfas by bccome reduccd 10 substance ofthe amount givcn a
ofradiation emission
rclease with thc nuclei smallcr two into nuclcus splits large a which proccss in is the Nuclcar fissiorl^ - Fission
and fragmelts, or more two into divided is nucleus a which in the process words, fission [n other energy. of
arc released. cnergy and ncutrons
fusion. much energy is called nuclear offthat to give it allows and sun that fuels our process The Eulietr
the process in and (^) largcr nucleus a create togethcr to l'usc nuclei atomic two whcre rcaction a is Nuclcar fusion
release efiergy.
cspecially particlcs, subatomic moving as or waves clectromagnctic as ofcnergy (^) thc cmission^ - Radiation
ionization. cause high-energy particles that
I
reaclion does Fission more smaller ones. or two into a large atom^ splitting of^ the^ is^ Fission^ -^ EiSSIQO^ 3.
nature. in not normally occur
in stars, occurs Fusion larger one. into a more lighter atoms^ or two of the fusing^ is^ Fusion -^ Fusion^ 4.
sun. the as sucfi
of exc€ss an or of protons an excess either by caused is instability The Radioactivity^ of^ Causes
The radiation. form of the in releases energy and matter it the atom attempts to become stable, As neulrons.
rich nuclei. proton by and gamma radiation. Alpha particles are released beta radiation types are alpha, main
stable be to neutrons amount of fewer need than 30 protons^ less Atoms with^ a.
stable be Atoms with greater than 30 protons need greater amount of neutrons to^ b.
electrical the offset helps neutrons stabilize the nucleus, because they attract protons, which^ IlcIqblg:
protons.^ beiween^ repulsion
is to protons^ neutrons^ of ratio^ protons increases, an increasing^ of^ the number^ as^ result,^ a^ As^ Ecsgllg!
optimum lhe to regard wilh present neutrons are few or too too many if stable nucleus; a form to needed
decay. nuclear of to certain types subject the nucleus becomes unstable and ratio,
r
.l
3
Nuclear Reactions Writine Notes 3:
the same. are reaction a The total number of nucleons before and after^ nucleons:^ of^ Conservation^ 1.
reaclion are afrer a the particles before and all charges on of the The sum charoe: of Conseryallon 2.
the same
a the interacting particles belore and after of The total momentum of momsnlum:^ Conseryalion^ 3.
same. reaction ar€ the
nuclear reactions. in conserved is mass energy, including rest^ Energy,^ Conservation of energy:^ 4.
Emitled Radiation lyp! o..ay
"-t1^ )x----)lx-1" i"
'* "F,$ B;r' I
)x !e ou^ * 4v
,&^ -1' Z+1"
&
0,,
lx on^ * 4v
+lY 1" Z
-,& #
O.ughr.. P.r€nl
,& xrav x'*^ f *, _oe^ lx, rayt X
,x. flr
)x r& J+ -oo
6.mhardy Daught.,
(unrtabt€,
)x, c[" _ flx..
D.ughtert
4
Life Half 4: Notes
decay. to a radioisotope^ of^ sampte^ a^ of^ IIALE^ for^ required^ time^ of^ Amount^ HatLlie
probtems:^ Sotving
50.0 minute 1.o After grams. 100.0 of mass a has that^ Uranium of piece have a^ You^ Exampte:
minutes? 10.0^ teft after How much is^ teft.^ is grams
originat amount of the hatf for took it time The minute. is 1.0 Hatf-Life This means: The 1st
decay, to
Time
(min)
Uranium of Amount
Remaininq
50 1
25 2.
o.1953125 9
has passed. minute each after by 2 divide We
to Equivatent
n^ = tives hatf of #
Ao^ mass = lnitiat
A^ mass = Finat
A/2n A= say: can We
hatf tife: eyen an not is it when^ "n" for Sotving
"n"? is what 73 = lb 5,^ A = lf
73/5^ = 2"
t4.6 = 2"
tn(14.6\ : tn(T\
= tn(14.6\ hlh(z\
n=3.87 ,r,r(r,^ =ln('n'u\ u
6
g,^ 2.00^ of^ mass^ a^ has^ sampte^ starting^ the^ lf^ minutes.^10 is -13^ nitrogen^ of^ tife^ hatf^ The^ #1:^ Exampte
minutes? 40 after remain witl how much
g^ 0.125^ =^ Amount remaining^ A=2.00124^ n=40110=4HL^ Aol2^ A=
remain witt sampte 600.09 a of is 62.0days, how much isotope an the hatf-tife of lf #1: Practice
186.odays? after
75.0g^ = Amount remaining 600.0/2r A= 3HL n=186162= A,ol2 A=
tife? hatf the is what 24 seconds in 25.09 to decays isotope an of 200.09 lf #2: Exampte
g^ 0.125^ =^ Amount remaining^ A=2.00124^ HL^4 =^ 40l10^ =^ n^ As/2'.^ A=
tife? the hatf js what 30 seconds in g 75.0 to decays isotope an of g 300.0 lf #2: Practice
A = A,/ 2'
steps. the next skip can 2x2:4,yo\t 2Uc is n realize that ifyou 4 = 2"
tn(4) : tn(2')
tt{4) : ntn(2)
sec 15 or 30/2 = tr, and = 30 total time T so^ , HL 2 = n (^) , =l'(n),ln(r\
grams^ 40.35 days, how many^ teft after^ are^ 25.0g^ lf^ days. l-131 is 8.07 of tife hatf The #3: Exampte
sampte? origina[ the were in
g 800.^ = Original amount^ ) (25.0X25^ 4= HL 5 = 40.35/8.07^ = n Ao/2 A=
hours? 10.4 in 25.09 to 100.09 from decays that isotope an the hatf-tife of What is #3: Practice
100.0/25.0 2'=
steps. next the skip 4, you can^ = 2, b/c 2 is n that rcalize you if again, 4 = 2"
= tn(4) tn(2'\
h@)^ = ntn(2)
hrs or5,2 tr/r:10.4/2 hrs and 10.4 T- l time tot HL,so =2 tr =1"(n),lo\r,, o
7
such as stars, in one. Fusion occurs into a larger two or more lighter atoms of fusing the is Fusion^ -^ EUSiOn
fission. High by great€r than the energy released^ times^ four^ to^ three^ is^ fusion^ by^ The energy released^ sun.^ the
required. is^ temperature environment^ density, high
in times greater than that released^ million^ a^ is fission by The energy released Energy: Differences in
is fusion by nuclear fusion. The energy released by chemical reactions, but lower than the energy released
by fission. four times greater than the energy released^ to^ three
Examole:
-----------^ Diagram:
Uses:
Nuclear weapon
i*j_x_:#
production^ Energy
Fuel
Nuclear Fission
One class of nuclear
fission a is weapon
an bomb, also known as
atomic bomb or atom
bomb.
in Fission is used
nuclear power plants.
Fusion Nuclear
nuclear of One class
the hydrogen is weapon
a uses which bomb,
to reaction fission
tusion a "trigger'
reaction.
Fusion is an
experimental technology
producing power.^ for
Hydrogen isolopes
(Deuterium and Tritium)
are the primary fuel
experimental in used
power plants. fusion
Uranium
fuel used
plants.
primary^ the^ is
power^ in
9
Reaction Equations Nuclear Balancing
whv?
balanced^ Using correctly^ us.^ around^ all^ are going on^ Nuclear reactions
equationB All reactions.^ understand nuclear^ to^ trying^ when^ important^ equations is
number is mass the two conservation laws: to conform to be balanced need to
conserved. is charge electrical^ the^ conserved, and
Criteria Success
nuclear reaction equation. a in^ an unknown^ find^ to^ the conservation laws^ Use.
transmutation. [atural a nuclear equation for^ balanced^ a^ Write.
Prerequisites
and charge oumber, atomic number, mass including symbols^ atomic.
lnformation
ol]e particle alpha^ an as^ known^ also^ nucleus,^ helium^ a^ -
nucleus a^ by emitted when particle^ beta^ a^ as^ known^ also^ electron,^ = an
Model
two nuclear reaction equations: are The following
,bAt^ + aHe^ ---+^ Ff 220
+ oe
'4O
Quesfions Key
the products- names of Wdte the decay? fiancium-22o of the products are What 1.
products. ofthe names the Write ofnitrogen-16 decay? products the are W}Iat 2.
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Nuclc.lr Rcac!ion BalanciDS
Exercises
of nucleus to the happens explain what model and the in^ the equations^ at^ Lr)ok^ 1.
the reaction. during clcments the starting each of
the equation: 2. a,iivcn
model? the in^ equations^ the^ to^ similar^ equation^ this^ How is (a)
model? the in the equations different from equation this is^ How (b)
to determine the and charge number mass of ofconservation the laws^ Use^ 3.
nccdcd. as tablc periodic a to Rel'er below. eqLrations in^ olX^ identity
+x ta"^ ) t"lizr
l 16
27Al+aHe-top+',
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Reaction^ )uclear^ Balmcing
protons^ of^ neutrons versus the number^ of^ the numbe!^ showing^ graph^ a^ is^ 5. Below
to reutron a represents line solid (1'he occurring nuclei.^ naturally^ sLable^ all^ {br
ol1:1-)^ ratio proton
I
I
tl
E
2
90
80
70
60
50
40
:
20
t
0
80 90100 70 60 s0 40 20 30 r
Z Numb,er, Atomic
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they aae Wfiere graph. the 4 on and 3 ExerciseB from the reactants^ Find^ G)
stability? of the belt to in relation graph the on
Explain your spontaneously? decay they do reactants stable or these Are (b)
Dayn). Roben br Scort Wallacei A\ressed rnd l'arlagreco Josephrnc by Ar$orcd
Br.ok {-nrvcNtv Srony Ilanson, Orvid rn P!&vr ind3 J bv E.lit.d
Stability of The Band
t
Namei
Date:
Blocki
Model: Datlng Radiometric
POGIL Radiometri. Datins
halt lives^0 T=
crystalli26s) (rock lite half T=l
billion years old) (
T=2halfliv6s
, old) (^) billion t€ars (3 oE!) billion yeals (
Addltional information:
ofdecay. (^) isotopes have varying rates time. oifferent regular rate over a at isotopesdecay Unstable
KeyQuestions:
rock crystal? (T=0) the ori8inal in isotopes are present uranium m.ny How 1,
percentage^ a^ number into^ Convertthis^ a.
(T=1) years?^ billion^1 after isotopes are present^ uranium How many 2.
percentage^ a Convertthis number into a.
years?^ billion^ l (Pb)after^ Lead^ toform^ isotopes decayed uranium manyofthe How
percentage^ a^ number into^ Convertthis^ a.
2 billion years? after isotopes are present uranium How many
per€entage^ a number,nto this Convert a.
Qo^ / ---r-
.ffiN .ffiffi"
ffiB
ffi.i
T=3halflives
r5-
Namer
Date:
Block:
years?^ billion^2 after (Pb)^ tead^ form^ isotopes decayed to^ ranium^ u^ original^ How many ot the^ 5.
percentage a number into Convertthis a.
3 billion years? after isotopes are present ulanium How many 6.
percentage^ a^ number into^ Convertthis^ a.
years?^ billion^3 after (Pb) tead form^ to^ decayed isotopes^ original uranium^ How many of the 7.
percentage^ a^ number into^ Convertthis^ a.
Qu€stions: Analysis Critlcal
isotope? uranium forthe half-life one is lonE How 8.
sentence. complete a in half-lite define words, (^) your own ln 9.
Problems:
UsinS ofcarbon. isotope radioactive a h Carbon-14 11.
of d€termine the half-life graph, decay rate of the
and fossils. rocks of age estimatethe to can be used how radioactive isotopes,like uranium Describe 10.
6 1/8^ had^ afossilthat^ age^ approximate^ the^ is^ What^ 12.
left? 14 oritinalC its of
o
l!
ID
Ycars Elapscd
ll
Fusion Fission and^ Nuclear
whv?
atom. nucleus of an the alter that processes^ two^ are^ fusion^ and^ Fission
source the is fusion^ and plants power^ nuclear^ il^ energy^ the provides^ Nuclear fission
fuels. fossil conserve help^ cal plants power^ in^ fission^ use of^ The^ energy.^ sun's^ the^ of
the Earth would sun, the ofhydrogen in (^) ploduced by the fusion energy the^ Without
it. know we as life not support could^ that planet^ cold^ a^ into^ change quickly
Leaming Objectives
nuclear fusion. and contrast nuclear fission Compare and.
apply to nuclear reactions. that^ Understand the conservation laws.
Success Criferia
equations. nuclear in missing reactants/products Find.
fission or fusion. of^ examples^ as^ nuclear reactions^ Identify.
Vocabulary
Fission.
Fusion.
Transmutation.
Nuclide.
Prerequisites
and isotopes. atoms of Shucture.
number and atomic number. of mass^ Knowledge.
and charge. number, atomic number, mass including symbols Atomic.
lnformation
the that so atom ofan nucleus ihe of transformation is the Transmutation
be can This different element. a into element one from changed atotn is
fusion. arrd frssion ofreactions, including many types through accomplished
conservation lawsr fundamental two obey always transformations Nuclear
consewed. is charge electrical (2) and^ conserved number is mass (1)
to according inter-converted can be but conserved, not are mass Energy and
mc2.^ = E equation, Einstein's
2005 o PoGIL
Tumminello drd Lizabeth Gralam, Erin^ Quackenbush, by: Rohioi A$c$ed Fu@oi Micho.l by Wrillcn
tsrcokUniycsity Slony HaEon, David md Padwa ldircdbyLinda
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Iusion and Nuclear Fission
Model
Fission L
be smaller pieces. Fission can into^ nucleus splits^ a^ fission occurs when^ of The process
nucleus the in nucleus capturing slow moving neutrons, which results^ by a^ induced
unstable. becoming very
.r.,,;;
ffi
{tB -'r_! -
hhn) sion topicrevicwihp/ch23rfi (hnn/chemcd.chem,purtluc.cduigcnchcn
neutron.^ = n The following equations represent fission reactions, where
16n^ + 23592U
1qn^ + 3 92a6Kr^ + 14'
1gn^ + 235s2lJ
137 (^) g +^ 52f 97
lon^ + 235s2U
10,^ + 3^ 8132Ge^ +^ 1526oNd
1oa,^ +^ 23s92(J
lsrl
16n^ + 23592U
16n^ + 3 95a6$r^ + l3354Xe
Fusion 2.
larger nucleus. Fusion is brought a form to together nucleijoin^2 Fusion occurs when
tremendous of about by bringing together two or more small nuclei under conditions
and heal. DT6SSUr
o.dL
lr,^ t{e^ iH^ iH
?66) p 2002 Olercoe Chemisry. vistror\ (^) (Phillips. Stroak.
= proton. p The following equations represent fusion reactions, where
2,H+2rH-31H+1,p
21H+3jH-42He+10rI
32He+32HerarHe+21iH
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