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University of Idaho Biology 114 Final
Exam Review
The evolution of animal species has been prolific. Much of this diversity is a result of the evolution of novel ways to ____. a. arrange cells into tissues b. form an embryo and establish a basic body plan c. sense, feed, and move d. become terrestrial - CORRECT ANSWER-c. sense, feed, and move The most ancient branching point in animal phylogeny is the characteristic of having ___. a. radial or bilateral symmetry b. diploblastic or triploblastic embryos c. true tissues or no tissues d. a body cavity or no body cavity - CORRECT ANSWER-c. true tissues or no tissues What was an early selective advantage of a coelom in animals? A coelom ___. a. was a more efficient digestive system b. allowed asexual and sexual reproduction c. allowed cephalization and the formation of a cerebral ganglion d. contributed to a hydrostatic skeleton, allowing greater range of motion - CORRECT ANSWER-d. contributed to a hydrostatic skeleton, allowing greater range of motion The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a ____. a. unicellular chytrid b. unicellular yeast c. multicellular algae d. multicellular fungus e. flagellated protist - CORRECT ANSWER-d. multicellular fungus What synapamorphy distinguishes animals as a monophyletic group, distinct from choanoflagellates? a. sexual reproduction b. heterotrophy c. multicellularity d. no cell walls - CORRECT ANSWER-c. multicellularity An adult animal that possesses bilateral symmetry would most likely also be ____. a. a deuterstome
b. coelomate c. diploblastic d. triploblastic - CORRECT ANSWER-d. triploblastic Animals with a cephalized body structure would be better able to ___. a. detect and obtain food b. extend a nerve net in all directions from a central point c. rely on filter feeding d. remain as an acoelomate - CORRECT ANSWER-a. detect and obtain food The digestive system of most animals is lined with cells through which nutrients are absorbed. What is the embryonic origin of these cells? a. ectoderm b. endoderm c. mesoderm - CORRECT ANSWER-b. endoderm Which of the following is most likely to be aquatic? a. deposit feeder b. fluid feeder c. mass feeder d. suspension feeder - CORRECT ANSWER-d. suspension feeder Diverse sensory organs evolved in ____. a. animals with cephalization b. radially symmetric animals c. sponges first d. terrestrial animals, and then radiated to aquatic animals e. animals with a coelom - CORRECT ANSWER-a. animals with cephalization Most fish deposit fertilized eggs, but some sharks keep the fertilized eggs inside the female until she gives birth to a relatively well-developed pup. These sharks would thus be characterized as ____. a. livebearing b. ovoviviparous c. oviparous d. viviparous - CORRECT ANSWER-b. ovoviviparous What reproductive trait is most associated with terrestrial (rather than aquatic) environments? a. sexual reproduction b. internal fertilization c. external fertilization d. asexual reproduction - CORRECT ANSWER-b. internal fertilization In examining an unknown animal species during its embryonic development, how can you be sure what you are looking at is a protostome and not a deuterostome?
Arthropods invaded land about 100 million years before vertebrates did so. This most clearly implies that ____. a. vertebrates evolved from arthropods b. arthropods evolved before vertebrates did c. arthropods have had more time to coevolve with land plants than have vertebrates d. extant terrestrial arthropods are better adapted to terrestrial life than are extant terrestrial vertebrates - CORRECT ANSWER-c. arthropods have had more time to coevolve with land plants than have vertebrates What do all deuterstomes have in common? a. all have a spinal column b. adults are bilaterally symmetrical c. all have specialized head and tail regions d. the pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus e. the pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the mouth - CORRECT ANSWER-d. the pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus Which characteristic best distinguishes echinoderms from the other deuterostome lineages? a. their habitat b. their body plan c. the presence of an endoskeleton d. their ability to move - CORRECT ANSWER-b. their body plan What trait(s) characterize(s) the chordates? a. notochord and a post-anal tail b. jaws and a spinal cord c. bony endoskeleton d. vertebrae and a cranium - CORRECT ANSWER-a. notochord and a post-anal tail Which of the following are the most abundant and diverse of the extant vertebrates? a. amphibians b. birds c. mammals d. nonbird reptiles e. ray-finned fishes - CORRECT ANSWER-e. ray-finned fishes Which of these are amniotes? a. salamanders b. sting rays c. snakes d. sea stars - CORRECT ANSWER-c. snakes Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials _____. a. lack nipples b. lay eggs
c. have some embryonic development outside the uterus d. are found in Australia and Africa - CORRECT ANSWER-c. have some embryonic development outside the uterus Why was the evolution of the amniotic egg such an important innovation? a. tetrapods can now function with just lungs b. tetrapods were no longer tied to the water for reproduction c. newborns are much less dependent on their parents d. embryos are protected from predators - CORRECT ANSWER-b. tetrapods were no longer tied to the water for reproduction Which of the following characteristics evolved independently in mammals and birds? a. bilateral symmetry b. amniotic eggs c. jaws d. endothermy e. bone - CORRECT ANSWER-d. endothermy How did the evolution of the jaw contribute to diversification of early vertebrate lineages? a. it allowed for smaller body size b. it was the first stage in the development of a bony skull c. it paved the way for the evolution of the pharyngeal jaw d. it increased the surface area for respiration and feeding e. it made additional food sources available - CORRECT ANSWER-e. it made additional food sources available It is believed that the coelacanths and lungfish represent a crucial link between other fishes and tetrapods. What is the major feature in these fish in support of this hypothesis? a. like amphibians, they are tied to the water for reproduction b. their fins have skeletal and muscular structures similar to amphibian limbs c. they have highly evolved nervous and circulatory systems d. they have lungs and are able to breathe air when water is scarce - CORRECT ANSWER-b. their fins have skeletal and muscular structures similar to amphibian limbs In what way are monotremes similar to more ancestral chordate lineages, as opposed to more recently evolved mammals? a. monotremes do not have jaws; other mammals do b. monotremes are ectothermic; other mammals are endothermic c. monotremes lay eggs; other mammals bear live young d. monotremes perform little parental care; other mammals use lactation to feed offspring e. monotremes perform external fertilization; other mammals perform internal fertilization - CORRECT ANSWER-c. monotremes lay eggs; other mammals bear live young
No true tissues, no symmetry; filter feeders; basal lineage a. annelida b. cnidaria c. echinodermata d. mollusca e. porifera - CORRECT ANSWER-e. porifera Characterized by chitinous exoskeleton, jointed appendages and segmented bodies; include crustaceans, insects a. annelida b. arthropoda c. mollusca d. nematoda e. platyhelminthes - CORRECT ANSWER-b. arthropoda Unsegmented worms with a pseudocoelom; includes hook and round worms a. annelida b. arthropoda c. mollusca d. nematoda e. platyhelminthes - CORRECT ANSWER-d. nematoda The two major lineages that make up the living Amniota are ____ and Mammals. a. mammals b. reptiles c. amphibians d. birds e. bony fish - CORRECT ANSWER-b. reptiles _____ are known for their indirect development and ties to moist environments. a. mammals b. reptiles c. amphibians d. birds e. bony fish - CORRECT ANSWER-c. amphibians Which evidence supports the hypothesis that tetrapod animals came from fish? Select all that apply.
- Fossil evidence shows there have always been four-limbed animals on Earth
- Fish and four-limbed animals have very similar embryos
- DNA analysis shows that fish are tetrapods' closest relative
- The fossil record shows more and more tetrapod-like fish before the appearance of tetrapods about 365 million years ago - CORRECT ANSWER-Fish and four-limbed animals have very similar embryos; DNA analysis shows that fish are tetrapods' closest relative; The fossil record shows more and more tetrapod-like fish before the appearance of tetrapods about 365 million years ago
What are the four characteristics that, together, define an organism as an animal? - CORRECT ANSWER-Eukaryotic cells, Multicellular, Heterotrophic (ingestion), Motility Which concept(s) are identifying species cannot be applied to asexual or fossil species? a. biological species concept b. morphospecies concept c. phylogenetic species concept - CORRECT ANSWER-a. biological species concept The ____ identifies species based on the evolutionary history of populations, based on Darwin's reasoning that all species are related by common ancestry. a. biological species concept b. morphospecies concept c. phylogenetic species concept - CORRECT ANSWER-c. phylogenetic species concept Which of the species concepts are you using when you use a field guide to identify a bird? a. biological species concept b. morphospecies concept c. phylogenetic species concept - CORRECT ANSWER-b. morphospecies concept This cell structure likely evolved from infoldings of the plasma membrane ____. a. chloroplast b. lysosome c. mitochondria d. nuclear envelope e. ribosome - CORRECT ANSWER-d. nuclear envelope Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have this structure, which is the protein factory for the cell ____. a. chloroplast b. lysosome c. mitochondria d. nuclear envelope e. ribosome - CORRECT ANSWER-e. ribosome This cell structure likely evolved when a eukaryotic cell engulfed an ancestral cyanobacterium ____. a. chloroplast b. lysosome c. mitochondria d. nuclear envelope e. ribosome - CORRECT ANSWER-a. chloroplast All species are small intracellular parasites; some species cause human STD.
e. sexual reproduction - CORRECT ANSWER-b. conjugation ____ is when haploid and diploid phases of a life cycle are multicellular. a. binary fission b. conjugation c. alternation of generations d. asexual reproduction e. sexual reproduction - CORRECT ANSWER-c. alternation of generations How is a hybrid zone most likely to change over time if hybrid offspring have higher fitness than both parental populations? a. it should expand into the range of only one parental population. b. it should disappear c. it should get smaller but not disappear d. it should expand into the ranges of both parental populations - CORRECT ANSWER- d. it should expand into the ranges of both parental populations Which of the following is a type of diagram that is used to describe ancestor-descendant relationships among species or other taxa? a. bar graph b. line graph c. scatter plot d. phylogenetic tree - CORRECT ANSWER-d. phylogenetic tree To apply parsimony for constructing a phylogenetic tree, ____. a. choose the tree that assumes all evolutionary changes are equally probable b. choose the tree in which the branch points are based on as many shared derived characters as possible c. base phylogenetic trees only on the fossil record, as this provides the simplest explanation for evolution d. choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, either in DNA sequences or morphology e. choose the tree with the fewest branch points - CORRECT ANSWER-d. choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, either in DNA sequences or morphology Which mode of selection likely underlies the pattern of 'character change' when we look at the history of life on earth? a. balancing selection b. directional selection c. disruptive selection d. stabilizing selection - CORRECT ANSWER-b. directional selection Which of the following events best illustrates an adaptive radiation?
a. a population of a cricket species takes up residence in a cave. Over many generations, the cave crickets eventually lose their eyes, like many other cave-dwelling animals. b. a small group of tree-dwelling lizards of a single species migrates to an uninhabited, treeless island ad adapts to use the open grassland habitat. c. a colonizing species of fruit fly takes up residence on a new continent and displaces two closely related native species d. a fishless lake is colonized by a single fish species, which over a few thousand years give rise to several species, each with a series of unique feeding adaptations - CORRECT ANSWER-d. a fishless lake is colonized by a single fish species, which over a few htousand years give rise to several species, each with a series of unique feeding adaptations Why do mass extinctions wipe out species more or less randomly? a. they are caused by gradual, long-term changes in the environment b. they are the result of emerging diseases c. they are caused by exceptionally harsh, short-term conditions d. they are the result of competition with other species - CORRECT ANSWER-c. they are caused by exceptionally harsh, short-term conditions How can mass extinction events be distinguished from background extinctions? a. mass extinctions occur when normal environmental change eliminates certain populations to zero b. mass extinctions result primarily from natural selection c. a mass extinction occurs when at least 60 percent of species are wiped out within 1 million years d. during a mass extinction, species die out because individuals are poorly adapted to normal or gradually changing environmental conditions - CORRECT ANSWER-c. a mass extinction occurs when at least 60 percent of species are wiped out within 1 million years Which of the following is the best evidence that all life evolved form prokaryotic rather than eukaryotic ancestors? a. prokaryotes possess peptidoglycan in their cell walls b. bacteria are unicellular c. prokaryotes possess flagella d. the oldest form of life known is prokaryotic - CORRECT ANSWER-d. the oldest form of life known is prokaryotic Carl Woese and collaborators identified two major branches of prokaryotic evolution. What was the basis for dividing prokaryotes into two domains? a. microscopic examination of staining characteristics of the cell wall b. metabolic characteristics such as the production of methane gas c. metabolic characteristics such as chemoautorophy and photosynthesis d. genetic characteristics such as ribosomal RNA sequences
c. inheritance of a gen through mitosis d. inheritance of a gene from a parent - CORRECT ANSWER-a. physical transfer of a gene from a species in one lineage to a species in another lineage In prokaryotes, new mutations accumulate quickly in populations, while in eukaryotes new mutations accumulate much more slowly. The primary reasons for this are: a. prokaryotes have short generation times and large population sizes b. prokaryotes have random mutations while eukaryotes can target genes for mutations; thus mutations may not accumulate as quickly in eukaryotes but they are more useful to the organism c. the DNA in prokaryotes is not as stable as eukaryotic DNA and is thus more likely to mutate d. prokaryote mutations are less effective than eukaryote mutations in providing variation for evolution - CORRECT ANSWER-a. prokaryotes have short generation times and large population sizes Which of the following represents an area where prokaryotes are more diverse than eukaryotes? a. metabolism b. morphology c. motility d. size - CORRECT ANSWER-a. metabolism A doctor prescribes an antibiotic to her patients. For the first few years, the drug works well; but after several years, the doctor sees more patients for whom that antibiotic doesn't work. Which of these explanations best explains what happened? a. the pharmaceutical company lost its drug formula and started selling poor-quality antibiotics b. natural selection caused the bacteria to mutate, creating a new antibiotic-resistant species c. antibiotic-resistant bacteria were more likely to survive and reproduce - CORRECT ANSWER-c. antibiotic-resistant bacteria were more likely to survive and reproduce What synapomorphy defines the Eukarya? a. binary fission b. meiosis and sexual reproduction c. multicellularity d. nuclear envelope e. chloroplasts - CORRECT ANSWER-d. nuclear envelope Which of the following statements is consistent with the assertion that protists are paraphyletic? a. some protists evolved into other eukaryotic groups that are not protissts b. protists all share a common set of synapomorphies c. protists are all more primitive than land plants and animals
d. protists do not share a single common ancestor - CORRECT ANSWER-a. some protists evolved into other eukaryotic groups that are not protists The diameter of an average eukaryotic cell is 10 times larger than that of an average bacterial cell. How do eukaryotic cells carry out their cellular processes efficiently? a. the volume is filled with biosynthetic machinery b. areas of the cell are created where no cellular metabolism takes place c. eukaryotes divide their volume into compartments d. folds in the plasma membrane increase the surface area of the cell and improve the surface-area-to-volume ratio - CORRECT ANSWER-c. eukaryotes divide their volume into compartments Imagine that there are different species of protists living in a pond. Some of these species reproduce both sexually and asexually, and some of them can reproduce only asexually. The pond gradually becomes infested wit disease-causing viruses and bacteria. Which protist species are more likely to thrive in the changing environment? a. the asexually reproducing species b. the sexually reproducing species c. sexually and asexually reproducing species are equally likely to thrive - CORRECT ANSWER-b. the sexually reproducing species Why can dinoflagellate blooms be harmful to humans? a. during algal blooms, dinoflagellate population densities reach very high levels b. dinoflagellates produce toxins that kill shellfish c. dinoflagellate blooms are not harmful; they are just unsightly d. people can get paralytic shellfish poisoning during dinoflagellate blooms - CORRECT ANSWER-d. people can get paralytic shellfish poisoning during dinoflagellate blooms Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share? a. lack of a nucleus b. presence of plasma membrane c. presence of mitochondria d. composition of the cell wall e. unicellularity - CORRECT ANSWER-a. lack of a nucleus b. presence of plasma membrane e. unicellularity Which of the following are mechanisms of prokaryotic genetic recombination? a. binary fission b. translation c. conjugation d. alternation of generations - CORRECT ANSWER-c. conjugation Which of the following is/are characteristic(s) shared by all cells? a. circular chromsome b. ribosomes
Which of the following use solar energy or chemical energy contained in reduced inorganic compounds to manufacture their own food? a. consumers b. primary producers c. secondary producers d. decomposers - CORRECT ANSWER-b. primary producers Which of the following are important biotic factors that can affect the distribution of species? a. light intensity, seasonality b. predation, competition c. precipitation, wind d. temperature, water e. nutrient availability, soil pH - CORRECT ANSWER-b. predation, competition A cow eating grass is an example of a ____. a. primary consumer b. secondary consumer c. producer d. tertiary consumer e. detritivore - CORRECT ANSWER-a. primary consumer The feeding relationships among the species in a community determine the community's ____. a. species-area curve b. species richness c. trophic structure d. secondary succession e. ecological niche - CORRECT ANSWER-c. trophic structure Which of the following has the greatest effect on the rate of chemical/nutrient cycling in an ecosystem? a. the ecosystem's rate of primary production b. the production efficiency of the ecosystem's consumers c. the trophic efficiency of the ecosystem d. the rate of decomposition in the ecosystem e. the location of the nutrient reservoirs in the ecosystem - CORRECT ANSWER-d. the rate of decomposition in the ecosystem Under which of the following conditions would a population most likely experience exponential growth? a. large number of individuals in the starting population b. young populations with few individuals c. habitat with limited resources
d. environment with a low carrying capacity - CORRECT ANSWER-b. young populations with few individuals The recovery that follows a sever disturbance is called ____. a. succession b. growth c. colonization d. seeding - CORRECT ANSWER-a. succession Why do moderate levels of disturbance result in an increase in species diversity? a. habitats are opened up for less competitive species b. competitively dominant species infrequently exclude less competitive species after a moderate disturbance c. the environmental conditions become optimal d. the resulting uniform habitat supports stability, which in turn supports diversity e. less competitive species evolve strategies to compete with dominant species - CORRECT ANSWER-a. habitats are opened up for less competitive species The statement "various species of Galapagos finches are adapted to their particular habitats" means: a. individual birds change during their lifetimes to function in new environments b. different species have traits that increase fitness in a particular environment c. different species have traits that decrease fitness in a particular environment d. Galapagos finches are no longer evolving - CORRECT ANSWER-b. different species have traits that increase fitness in a particular environment The theory of evolution by natural selection states: a. all species are descended from a common ancestor b. no traits are heritable c. natural selection makes individuals more fit d. species remain unchanged over time - CORRECT ANSWER-a. all species are descended from a common ancestor Which of the following is a modern definition of biological evolution? a. evolution is a change in an individual's ability to survive and reproduce as it grows older b. evolution is a change in allele frequencies in a population over time c. evolution is an increase in the fitness of a population d. evolution is a change in an individual's fitness over time - CORRECT ANSWER-b. evolution is a change in allele frequencies in a population over time In biology, an adaptation is defined as ____. a. a heritable trait that increases the fitness of an individual in a particular environment b. a change in an individual's body in response to changes in environmental conditions c. a change in an individual's DNA sequence
As scientists, we expect the fossil record to be sparse and potentially biased (for a variety of reasons). Which of these is a valid critique of the general fossil record? a. paleontologists lack the training to make proper conclusions b. paleontologists typically only find species that were widespread and/or present on the Earth for long periods of time c. paleontologists typically find odd and rare species that might not represent the Earth at that time d. fossil finds are typically limited to species within the past 100,000 years - CORRECT ANSWER-b. paleontologists typically only find species that were widespread an/or present on the Earth for long periods of time Why do related species share homologous traits? a. related species have independently evolved homologous traits b. related species have adapted to similar environments c. related species inherited homologous traits from a common ancestor d. related species share homologous traits because they are found in the same geographical area - CORRECT ANSWER-c. related species inherited homologous traits from a common ancestor Which is an example of a structural homology? a. the same group of embryonic cells forms the adult jaw of a perch and of a dog b. vertebrate forelimbs generally have the same number and a similar arrangement of bones c. all vertebrate embryos form pharyngeal pouches d. all organisms share a common genetic code - CORRECT ANSWER-b. vertebrate forelimbs generally have the same number and a similar arrangement of bones A(n) ____ trait is one that has lost all or most of their original function in a species through evolution. a. evolutionary b. vestigial c. ancestral d. dead - CORRECT ANSWER-b. vestigial Genetic variation is the number and relative frequency of ____ that are present in a particular population. a. species b. taxa c. individuals d. alleles - CORRECT ANSWER-d. alleles In nature, females often do not mate at random but rather actively choose certain males based on certain characteristics. In some species, males even compete to gain a female's attention. What is this type of selection called? a. artificial selection b. sexual selection
c. non-sexual selection d. biogeographical selection - CORRECT ANSWER-b. sexual selection What is an important consequence of gene flow in natural populations? a. gene flow increases the mutation rate among sedentary organisms b. gene flow moves individuals from one habitat to another on a seasonal basis c. gene flow tends to separate allele frequencies among populations d. gene flow tends to reduce genetic differences among populations - CORRECT ANSWER-d. gene flow tends to reduce genetic differences among populations Which phrase best reflects the relationship between natural selection and evolution? a. evolution is a process that causes natural selection to occur b. natural selection is a process that causes evolution to occur c. natural selection and evolution are the same thing - CORRECT ANSWER-b. natural selection is a process that causes evolution to occur Which of the following cannot evolve? a. an individual b. population c. a species - CORRECT ANSWER-a. an individual Genetic variation ____. a. is created by the direct action of natural selection b. arises in response to changes in the environment c. must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population d. tends to be reduced by when diploid organisms produce gametes - CORRECT ANSWER-c. must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population By definition, a ____ consists of individuals of the same species that are living in the same area at the same time. a. population b. species c. community d. ecosystem e. biome - CORRECT ANSWER-a. population A(n) ____ is a community along with its physical environment. a. population b. species c. community d. ecosystem e. biome - CORRECT ANSWER-d. ecosystem If two species of birds are interacting, and both are experiencing a negative effect on fitness, which type of interaction is occurring?
