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P Morphology of Flowering Plants 1
MALVACEAE
Malvaceae is a family of plants that includes mallows,
Hibiscus, and monkshood (order Malvales),
Containing at least 4,000 species of herbs, shrubs, and trees.
Vegetative characters
Stem: It has branched, erect, branched at the nodes,
cylindrical, solid, with stellate hairs usually on the stem.
Leaves: simple or alternate, rounded, palmately divided,
stipulate, generally palmately veined forms.
Floral characters
Inflorescence: cymose(rare), racemose(mostly), solitary
Flower: Bracteate. Flowers are bisexual, actinomorphic,
hypogynous and pentamerous.
Calyx: sepals five, gamosepalous, valvate aestivation. In
some of the plants persistant calyx are present, it means
they are present on fruit.
Corolla: Petals five, polypetalous, twisted aestivation,
mucilagenous and attractive.
Androecium: Typically, 5-10 stamens are arranged in a
tube around the pistil connate at, their bases. Stamens are
monoadelphous.
Gynoecium: Pentacarpellary or polycarpellary,
syncarpous but stigma’s are free, so gynoecium is in
completely syncarpous. Pentalocular or multilocular,
ovary hypogynous, rarely perigynous.
Fruit: Loculicidal capsule, rarely berry.
Seed: Non-endospermic seeds.
Floral Formula:
Br ⊕ ♂
Epi 3–
K
(5)
C 5 A
( x )
G
(5 –) Corolla
Calyx Epicalyx
Leaf Pedicel
Ovary wall Epicalyx
Calyx
Ovary
Ovule T.S.Ovary
Stamen
Anther lobe
Connective filament
Stigma
Stem
Stamens
Flowering Twig
Ovary
Style
Thalamus
Staminal tube
Floral diagram
Stamen on Staminal tube
Placenta
Flower Bud
Stigmas
Stamens
Fig. 38: Details of Floral parts and floral diagram of
China rose ( Hibiscus )
Economic importance: In horticulture, the family
Malvaceae has been used for centuries to make fibres,
food,medicine, and timber. Some of the important species
with the products they produce are listed below.
Gossypium sp. (cotton), Corchorus sp. (tossa and
white jute), Hibiscus sp. , Theobroma cacao (cacao),
Abelomoschus esculentus (okra).
Need to Know
P The Epi in floral formula of Malvaceae denotes epicalyx
(Bracteoles) which are present as 3-7 in number.
These are the transformed bracteoles & are free and
green in colour
CRUCIFERAE
Brassicaceae, formerly Cruciferae, the mustard family of flowering
plants(order Brassicales), composed of 338 genera and some
3,700 species. Brassicaceae can be found almost on the entire land
surface of the earth, but the family is absent.
Vegetative characters
Stem: erect, herbaceous, slightly hairy
Leaves: The leaves are mostly simple and alternately
arranged, and many are peppery-flavoured.
Floral characters
Inflorescence: Raceme, indeterminate growth
Flower: flowers are bisexual, actinomorphic (radial or regular).
Calyx: sepals four (separate)
Corolla: petals four ( separate), often clawed, cruciform
Androecium: 6, tetradynamous (4 tall, 2 short)
Gynoecium: 2 united carpels, superior ovary (hypogynous
flower); ovules have parietal placentation
Fruit: dry, dehiscent. silicle (short, squat), silique (longer
than wide by 3X)
Seeds: Non endospermic
Floral Formula:
Economic importance: Crops-many; Brassica (mustard
and cabbage), kale, brussel sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower,
turnip.
New NCERT Topic - Description Of Some Important Families
2 NEET (XI) Module-1 Botany P
Stigma
Stamen
Fruit
Flowers
Sepal
Corolla Ovary
Calyx
L.S. of Flower
K C
A G
A Flower
Calyx
A Flowering Twig
Corolla
Placenta Ovary Wall Floral Diagram
Androecium and Gynoecium
Ovule Stigma
Style
Locules T.S. of Ovary
Fig. 39: Floral diagram with floral formula of mustard
LEGUMINOSAE (FABACEAE)
Leguminosae family is devided into 3 – subfamilies:
Papilionoideae,/Caesalpinioideae and Mimosoideae
It is distributed all over the world.
Vegetative Characters
Trees, shrubs, herbs; root with root nodules.
Stem: erect or climber
Leaves: alternate, pinnately compound or simple; leaf
base , pulvinate; stipulate; venation reticulate.
Floral characters
Inflorescence: Racemose
Flower: Bisexual, Zygomorphic
Calyx: Sepals five, gamosepalous; imbricate/valvate
aestivation
Corolla: Petals five, polypetalous, papilionaceous,
consisting of a posterior standard, two lateral wings,
two anterior ones forming a keel (enclosing stamens and
pistil), Vexillary aestivation.
Androecium: Ten, diadelphous, anther dithecous
Gynoecium: Ovary superior, Monocarpellary, unilocular
with many ovules, style single, marginal placentation.
Fruit: Legume;
Seed: one to many, non-endospermic
Floral Formula: %^
K (5) C 1+2+(2)A (9)+1G 1
Fig. 40: Pisum sativum (pea) plant: (a) Flowering twig (b) Flower
(c) Petals (d) Reproductive parts (e) L.S.carpel (f) Floral diagram
Economic importance
Pulses: E.g., Gram, Arhar, Sem, Moong, Soyabean
Edible oil: E.g., Soyabean, Groundnut
Dye: E.g., Indigofera
Fibres: E.g., Sunhemp
Fibres: E.g., Sesbania , Trifotium
Ornamentals: E.g., Lupin, Sweet pea
Medicine: E.g., Muliathi
POACEAE/GRAMINAE
Poaceae, earlier called Gramineae (grass) family of
monocotyledonous flowering plants. They grow on all parts of
the world, in desert to freshwater and marine habitats, and tundra.
Vegetative characters
Stem: The stem may be underground as in rhizome or
runner, herbacius (Wheat, Rice, Doob), shrub like or
woody and tall (Bamboo)
Leaves: are alternate, simple, exstipulate, and distichous.
Floral characters
Inflorescence: The primary inflorescence of grasses is
the spikelet, a small structure consisting of a short axis,
the rachilla, to which are attached chaffy, overlapping
scales (glumes) that cover the florets.
Flower: Flowers are zygomorphic, may be bisexual or
unisexual (Rarely).
Perianth: two perianths.
Androecium: three stamens, Polyandrous
Gynoecium: monocarpellary gynoecium, superior
unilocular ovary with single ovule on basal placentation.
Fruit: Mostly one-seeded Caryopsis (fruit wall is
completely fused with the seed coat).
Floral Formula:
Br.% ♂
P
2
A
3
G
1
D
Fig. 41: Oryza sativa (Poaceae). (A) Terminal part of plant bearing
panicle and spikelet and ligule, (B) Single spikelet, (C) Structure of the
bisexual flower, (D) Floral diagram
Economic importance
4 NEET (XI) Module-1 Botany P
Gynoecium: Bicarpellary obliquely placed,
syncarpous; ovary superior , bilocular, placenta
swollen with many ovules , axile placentation
Fruit: Berry or capsule
Seeds: many, endospermous
Floral Formula:
K (5) C (5) A G 5 (2)
Fig. 44: Solanum nigrum (makoi) plant: (a) Flowering
twig (b) Flower (c) L.S. of flower (d) Stamens (e) Carpel (f) Floral diagram
Economic importance
Food : E.g., Tomato, Brinjal, Potato
Spice : E.g., Chilli
Medicine : E.g., Belladona, Ashwagandha Fumigatory : E.g., Tobacco
Ornamentals : E.g., Petunia
Concept ApplicationConcept Application
True and False:
1. Family Papilionoideae, a subfamily of family
Leguminosae is distributed all over the world.
2. In family Leguminosae, androecium is found in
diadelphous condition.
3. Multilocular ovary with many ovules found in family
Leguminosae.
4. Many plants belonging to the family Poaceae are
sources of cereals.
5. Gossypium and Corchorus are important fibre
plants.
6. Inflorescence head/capitulum is found in plants of
Family compositae such as sunflower.
7. Bisexual flowers are present in maize and rice.
Fill in the blanks:
8. —––– Plant of family Poaceae is source of sugar. 9. Okra plant of family –––– is a source of food. 10. –––– is an ornamental plant of family Leguminosae.
P Morphology of Flowering Plants 5
ExerciseExercise
1. Major food crops of the world belong to the family;
(1) Leguminosae (2) Cruciferae
(3) Solanaceae (4) Graminae
2. Pick the correct match:
List-I List-II
A. Monadelphous
stamens
I. Composite
B. Polyadelphous II. Malvaceae
C. Synandrous stamen III. Castor, lemon
D. Sygenesious IV. Cucurbitaceae
(1) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
(2) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(3) A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
(4) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
3. Which of the following crop belongs to family Malvaceae?
(1) Sweet potato (2) Mustard
(3) Niger (4) Cotton
4. Solitary axillary or Terminal Racemose is the characteristic
of which family?
(1) Cruciferae (2) Poaceae
(3) Malvaceae (4) Fabaceae
5. Which statement is correct for compositae?
(1) 5-lobed stamens
(2) Syngenesious stamens
(3) Basal ovule
(4) Ligulate ray florets
6. One of the following is a fibre yielding plant, which one is
it?
(1) Crotalaria juncea (2) Cicer arietinum
(3) Triticum vulgare (4) Impatiens balsamina
7. Pentacarpellary, syncarpus, superior ovary, Axile placentation
s the character of;
(1) Poaceae (2) Ranunculaceae
(3) Cucurbitaceae (4) Malvaceae
8. In floral formula, (K) denotes which structure?
(1) Corolla (2) Calyx
(3) Pedicel (4) Perianth
9. Assertion: The flowers of the family-Liliaceae are
pentamerous.
Reason: Flowers of Liliaceae are pentamerous because it is
a dicot family.
(1) Both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is
the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(2) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not
correct explanation of the Assertion.
(3) Assertion is true but the Reason is false.
(4) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
10. Pulses are obtained from;
(1) Fabaceae (2) Asteraceae
(3) Poaceae (4) Solanaceae
11. Radish is a member of angiospermic family;
(1) Cruciferae (2) Solanaceae
(3) Ranunculaceae (4) Fabaceae
12. Which of the following is not a correct floral character of
the members of family Solanaceae?
(1) Flower: Zygomorphic
(2) Calyx: Valvate aestivation
(3) Stamens: Epipetalous
(4) Fruit: Berry or capsule
13. Which of the following is valid name for Gramineae family?
(1) Poaceae (2) Malvaceae
(3) Fabaceae (4) Papilionaceae
14. Assertion: Fruit is cypsela in Compositae.
Reason: Fruit is siliqua in Cruciferae.
(1) Both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is
the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(2) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not
correct explanation of the Assertion.
(3) Assertion is true but the Reason is false.
(4) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
15. Tetradynamous condition of the androecium is one of the
characteristic features of?
(1) Malvaceae (2) Papilionaceae
(3) Leguminosae (4) Cruciferae
16. Fibres are usually obtained from member of
(1) Malvaceae (2) Rannunculaceae
(3) Pocaceae (4) Cucurbitaneae
17. In the members of family malvaceae, anthers are described
as
(1) Diadelphous and dithecous
(2) Diadelphous and monothecous
(3) Monadelphous and dithecous
(4) Monadelphous and monothecous
18. Flower of Fabaceae is
(1) Complete, zygomorphic, pentamerous
(2) Complete, actinomorphic, trimerous
(3) Incomplete, zygomorphic, tirmirous
P Morphology of Flowering Plants 7
CONCEPT APPLICATION
1. True 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. True 6. True 7. True 8. Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane) 9. Malvaceae 10. Lupin
EXERCISE
- (4) 2. (2) 3. (4) 4. (3) 5. (2) 6. (1) 7. (4) 8. (2) 9. (4) 10. (1)
ANSWER KEYANSWER KEY
16 NEET (XI) Module-1 Botany P
Venation
The arrangement of veins and the veinlets in the lamina of
leaf is termed as venation.
It is of two types:
Reticulate - Common in dicots
Parallel - Common in monocots
Types of Leaves
A leaf could be simple or compound.
Compound leaves are of two types i.e.,
Pinnately compound leaf - neem.
Palmately compound leaf - silk cotton.
Phyllotaxy
Pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem or branch.
It is of three types:
Alternate - Chinarose, mustard and sunflower.
Opposite - Calotropis and guava
Whorled - Alstonia
The Inflorescence
The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis is termed as
inflorescence.
Depending on whether the apex gets developed into a flower
or continuous to grow, two major types are:
Racemose and cymose.
Flower
It is the reproductive unit in angiosperms.
Based on the position of floral parts on thalamus, flower,
could be of 3 types.
Hypogynous - mustard, china rose and brinjal
Perigynous - Plum, rose, peach
Epigynous - Guava, cucumber, ray florets of sunflower
Short NotesShort Notes
Plant Organ Part Function Modifications Example
The Root
Root cap
Protects the apex of
root and makes its way
through the soil
Storage of food
Carrot, turnip, sweet
potato, etc.
Region of meristematic
activity
Repeated division Support
Banyan tree, maize,
sugarcane, etc.
Region of elongation
Growth of root in length
due to rapid elongation
and enlargement of cell
Respiration Rhizophora
Region of maturation
Differentiation and
maturation of cell
The Stem
Nodes- The region
where leaves are born
Spreading out branches
bearing leaves, flowers,
and fruits.
Storage of food
Potato, ginger, zamink-
and, Colocassia.
Also acts as organs of
perennation.
Internode- The region
between two nodes
It conducts water, miner-
als, and photosynthates
For climbing
(stem tendril)
Gourds (cucumber,
pumpkins, watermelon),
grapevines.
For protection Citrus , Bougainvillea
For photosynthesis Opuntia , Euphorbia
For spreading and vege-
tative propagation
Grasses, strawberry,
mint, jasmine, Pistia ,
Eichhornia, banana,
pineapple, Chrysanthe-
mum
The Leaf
Leaf base (leaf attached
to the stem).
Hold the blade to light For climbing Pea
Petiole For defence Cacti
Lamina or leaf blade
(have veins and veinlets)
Veins provide rigidity to
the leaf blade.
For food storage Garlic and onion
Photosynthesis Australian acacia
Insectivorous
Pitcher plant, venus - fly
trap
Table 1: Parts of a plant
18 NEET (XI) Module-1 Botany P
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following is not an example of hypogynous
flower-
(1) Plum (2) China rose
(3) Mustard (4) Brinjal
2. Root hairs are present in-
(1) Root cap (2) Meristematic region
(3) Maturation region (4) None of the above
3. Roots which come out of the ground & grow vertically
upwards are called-
(1) Secondary root (2) Stilt roots
(3) Pneumatophores (4) Prop roots
4. Which of the following root system is present in wheat
(1) Tap root (2) Fibrous root
(3) Pneumatophore (4) All of the above
5. Select the incorrect match-
(1) Taproot system – Dicots
(2) Stilt roots – Sugarcane
(3) Prop roots – Banyan tree
(4) Adventitious roots – Turnip
6. A small pore present above hilum is-
(1) Testa (2) Radicle
(3) Micropyle (4) Plumule
7. Select the correct statement about leaves-
(1) They originate from shoot apical meristem
(2) Are arranged in an acropetal order
(3) Are the most important vegetative organs for
photosynthesis
(4) All of these.
8. Twisted aestivation is found in-
(1) Pea (2) Cotton
(3) Tomato (4) Calotropis
9. Which one is the example of edible underground stem-
(1) Carrot (2) Groundnut
(3) sweet potato (4) Potato
10. An aggregate fruit is one which develops from-
(1) Multicarpellary syncarpous gynoecium
(2) Multicarpellary apocarpus gynoecium
(3) Complete inflorescence
(4) Multicarpellary superior ovary
ASSERTION AND REASON TYPE
1. Assertion: In Calotropis and guava opposite phyllotaxy is
found.
Reason: In Calotropis and guava a pair of leaves arise on
each node.
(1) Both Assertion & Reason are True, & the Reason is
correct explanation of the Assertion.
(2) Both Assertion & Reason are True, but Reason is not
correct explanation of the Assertion.
(3) Assertion is True but the Reason is False.
(4) Both Assertion & Reason are false.
2. Assertion: Corolla is the outermost whorl of the flower.
Reason: Corolla is majorly gamopetalous.
(1) Both Assertion & Reason are True, & the Reason is
correct explanation of the Assertion.
(2) Both Assertion & Reason are True, but Reason is not
correct explanation of the Assertion.
(3) Assertion is True, but the Reason is False.
(4) Both Assertion & Reason are false.
3. Assertion: Flower is a modified shoot.
Reason: Axillary buds do not elongate and the axis gets
condensed.
(1) Both Assertion & Reason are True, & the Reason is
correct explanation of the Assertion.
(2) Both Assertion & Reason are True, but Reason is not
correct explanation of the Assertion.
(3) Assertion is True, but the Reason is False.
(4) Both Assertion & Reason are false.
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Give two examples of leaf modification with function. 2. What is polysepalous condition? 3. What is parthenocarpic fruit? 4. Write two modifications of stem with example. 5. Define phyllotaxy. Name its types. 6. Which type of venation is present in dicots? 7. Give two examples of epigynous flower. 8. What is receptacle in flower? Give another name for
receptacle.
School Level ProblemsSchool Level Problems
P Morphology of Flowering Plants 19
9. What is Monoadelphous condition? 10. Give any two examples of non-endospermic seeds.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Define-
(1) Bisexual flower (2) Inflorescence
(3) Zygomorphic symmetry
2. What is aestivation? Give its types with examples. 3. Give the structure of monocotyledonous seed and brief about
its parts.
4. Write a short note on phyllotaxy. 5. Describe the types of flower w. r.t. symmetry.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
1. Write a detailed note with suitable diagrams on-
(1) Placentation (2) Aestivation
2. Write a detailed note on stem and its modification with
examples.
CASE BASED QUESTIONS
1. The leaf is a lateral, flattened structure borne on the stem. It
develops at the node and bears a bud in its axil. The axillary
bud later develops into a branch. A typical leaf consists of
three main parts: leaf base, petiole, and lamina. The leaf is
attached to the stem by the leaf base and may bear two lateral
small leaf like structures called stipules. The arrangement
of veins and the veinlets in the lamina of leaf is termed as
venation.
( i ) Which of the following is example of palmately compound
leaves-
(1) Neem (2) Rose
(3) Silk cotton (4) Garlic
( ii ) _______ acts as channel of transport of water and minerals
(1) Lamina (2) Petiole
(3) Tendrils (4) Veins
( iii ) Select the correct statement regarding petiole-
(1) Provides rigidity to leaf base.
(2) Cools the leaf surface.
(3) Petiole can be swollen.
(4) All of these.
( iv ) Select the incorrect match-
(1) Pinnately compound leaf – Neem
(2) Monocots – Reticulate venation
(3) Palmately compound leaf- Brinjal
(4) Leaf base - swollen
2. A flower is a modified shoot wherein the shoot apical
meristem changes to floral meristem. The apex produces
different kinds of floral appendages laterally at successive
nodes instead of leaves. When a shoot tip transforms into a
flower, it is always solitary. The arrangement of flowers on
the floral axis is termed as inflorescence.
( i ) The accessory whorls that are indirectly helping in the
function of reproduction are-
(1) Corolla and Calyx
(2) Androecium-filament and anther
(3) Gynoecium-ovary, style and sigma
(4) Anther and Ovary
( ii ) Androecium is a whorl of:
(1) Anthers (2) Stamens
(3) Filaments (4) Tepals
( iii ) When gynoecium is present in the topmost position of
thalamus, the ovary is known as:
(1) Inferior (2) Half Inferior
(3) Half Superior (4) Superior
( iv ) Example of zygomorphic symmetry-
(1) Gulmohur (2) Pea
(3) Chilli (4) Both (1) and (2)
P Morphology of Flowering Plants 21
20. Which of the following is a modified stem for the protection
of plants from browsing animals?
(1) Tendrils (2) Thorns
(3) Rhizome (4) Tuber
21. Reserve food is mainly found in
(1) Underground stems
(2) Underground modified tap roots
(3) Underground modified adventitious roots
(4) All of the above
22. Potato is the modification of
(1) Stem (2) Rhizome
(3) Root (4) Leaf
23. The stems and roots are differentiated as
(1) The stem is ascending part of the axis while root is
descending.
(2) Stem develops from the plumule of the embryo while
root from the radicle.
(3) The stem bears nodes and internodes which are absent
in roots.
(4) All of the above
24. The main function of the stem is
(1) Conduction of water, minerals and photosynthates
(2) Storage of food, support, protection and vegetative
propagation
(3) Spreading out branches bearing leaves, flowers and
fruits.
(4) All of the above
25. Underground stems of some plants spread to new niches and
when older parts die new plants are formed. This condition
is seen in
(1) Grass, Monstera and banyan
(2) Mint and jasmine
(3) Banana, pineapple and Chrysanthemum
(4) Grass and strawberry
26. In some plants a slender lateral branch arises from the base
of the main axis and after growing aerially for some time
arch downwards to touch the ground. Here we are talking
about
(1) Pistia and Eichhornia
(2) Mint and Jasmine
(3) Banana, pineapple and Chrysanthemum
(4) Opuntia and Euphorbia
27. A lateral branch with short internodes and each node bearing
a rosette of leaves and a tuft of roots is found in aquatic plants
like
(1) Pistia and Eichhornia
(2) Mint and Jasmine
(3) Banana, pineapple and Chrysanthemum
(4) Opuntia and Euphorbia
28. Potato is stem because it
(1) Possesses axillary buds (eyes)
(2) Lacks chlorophyll
(3) Does not bear roots
(4) Contains reserve food
29. Ginger multiplies vegetatively by or edible part of ginger is
called
(1) Bud (2) Stem
(3) Tuber (4) Rhizome
30. In which of the following, stem can be observed as fleshy,
cylindrical and photosynthetic?
(1) Opuntia (2) Euphorbia
(3) Bougainvillea (4) Aloe
THE LEAF
31. Phyllotaxy is
(1) Mode of leaf arrangement on stem
(2) Types of roots
(3) Arrangement of sepals and petals in a flower
(4) Type of ovary
32. Which of the following is the green expanded part of leaf
with vein and veinlets?
(1) Petiole (2) Node
(3) Stipule (4) Lamina
33. Which of the following is an example of pinnately compound
leaf?
(1) Cucumber (2) Papaya
(3) Cucurbita (4) Neem
34. Alternate type of phyllotaxy is found in
(1) China rose (2) Mustard
(3) Sunflower (4) All of these
35. The main purpose of phyllotaxy for the leaves is to provide
sufficient
(1) Soil (2) Air
(3) Water (4) Light
36. A number of leaflets arranged alternately or in opposite
manner is known as
(1) Simple leaf
(2) Pinnately compound leaf
(3) Palmately compound leaf
(4) None of the above
37. A leaf is identified from
(1) Flat green lamina
(2) Presence of leaf blade and petiole
(3) Presence of axillary bud
(4) Occurrence of chlorophyll
38. Main functions of leaf is:
(1) Manufacture of food (2) Exchange of gases
(3) Both (1) and (2) (4) None of these
39. Alternate phyllotaxy is present in
(1) China rose (2) Cacti
(3) Guava (4) None of these
40. Which of the following is/are function(s) of the veins of leaf?
22 NEET (XI) Module-1 Botany P
(1) Veins provide rigidity to the leaf blade
(2) Veins act as channels of transport for water and minerals.
(3) Veins act as channels of transport for food materials
(4) All of the above
41. In leaf, there is usually a middle prominent vein, which is
known as the
(1) Rachis (2) Pulvinus
(3) Midrib (4) Stipule
42. The leaf base may bear two lateral small leaf like structures
called
(1) Rachis (2) Pulvinus
(3) Midrib (4) Stipules
43. Which of the following is an example of fleshy leaves?
(1) Garlic (2) Brinjal
(3) Chilli (4) Mustard
44. Which one is a modified leaf?
(1) Pitcher of Nepenthes (2) Tendril of Pisum sativum
(3) Spine of Cactus (4) All of the above
45. A pair of insectivorous plants is
(1) Drosera and Rafflesia
(2) Nepenthes and Venus Fly Trap
(3) Dionaea and Viscum
(4) Bladderwort and Rafflesia
46. Multiple leaves originating from each node of stem can be
observed in:
(1) Alstonia (2) Calotropis
(3) China rose (4) Clematis
47. Venation is a term used to describe the pattern of arrangement
of:
(1) Floral organs
(2) Flower in infloresence
(3) Veins and veinlets in a lamina
(4) All of these
48. Which of the following is not correct?
(1) When veinlets form network, the venation is termed as
reticulate
(2) When the veins run parallel to each other within a
lamina, the venation is termed as parallel
(3) Parallel venation is a characteristic of dicots
(4) Reticulate venation is a characteristic of dicots
49. Which type of function is performed by the fleshy leaves of
onion and garlic?
(1) Storage (2) Reproduction
(3) Photosynthesis (4) Protection
THE INFLORESCENCE
50. Depending on whether the apex gets converted into a
flower or continues to grow, how many major types of
inflorescences are defined?
(1) 2 (2) 3
(3) 4 (4) 5
51. Inflorescence is a collection of;
(1) Petals (2) Stamens
(3) Flowers (4) Carpels
52. In racemose inflorescence, flowers are arranged in;
(1) Acropetal succession (2) Centrifugal order
(3) Centripetal order (4) All of these
53. When the main axis terminates in a flower, then the type of
inflorescence is;
(1) Solitary (2) Axillary
(3) Racemose (4) Cymose
54. In an inflorescence where flowers are borne laterally in an
acropetal succession, the position of the youngest floral bud
shall be:
(1) Proximal (2) Distal
(3) Intercalary (4) Anywhere
THE FLOWER
55. Epigynous ovary is present in;
(1) Mustard (2) China rose
(3) Plum (4) Ray florets of sunflower
56. Which flower can be divided into two equal radial halves in
any radial plane passing through the centre?
(1) Pea (2) Mustard
(3) Bean (4) Canna
57. When gynoecium is present above all parts of flower this
condition is called;
(1) Hypogynous (2) Perigynous
(3) Epigynous (4) Inferior
58. When ovules develops on the inner wall of the ovary, the
type of placentation is;
(1) Twisted (2) Axile
(3) Free - Central (4) Parietal
59. Aestivation in which members of a whorl lie close but do
not overlap is;
(1) Vexillary (2) Valvate
(3) Imbricate (4) Twisted
60. A typical flower has four different kinds of whorls arranged
on end of the stalk or pedicel, called;
(1) Peduncle (2) Thalamus
(3) Receptacle (4) Both (2) and (3)
61. Flowers are zygomorphic in;
(1) Gulmohur (2) Tomato
(3) Datura (4) Mustard
62. Type of aestivation shown by Pisum is;
(1) Imbricate (2) Vexillary
(3) Twisted (4) Valvate
63. If a flower cannot be divided into the two similar halves by
any vertical plane passing through the centre it is called;
(1) Actinomorphic (2) Zygomorphic
(3) Asymmetric (4) Both (2) and (3)
64. A modified shoot wherein the shoot apical meristem changes
24 NEET (XI) Module-1 Botany P
is inconspicuous and endosperm is edible?
(1) Groundnut (2) Apple
(3) Wheat (4) Coconut
87. Fruit of Mangifera indica is:
(1) Berry (2) Drupe
(3) Capsule (4) Siliqua
THE SEED
88. Cereals, castor and coconut possess _____ seeds;
(1) Endospermic (2) Zoospermic
(3) Non - albuminous (4) None of these
89. Read the following statements and find out the incorrect
statement about dicotyledonous seed.
(1) Above the hilum is a small pore called the micropyle.
(2) Within the seed coat is the embryo, consisting of an
embryonal axis and two cotyledons.
(3) In castor, the endosperm formed as a food storing tissue
is a pre-fertilisation structure.
(4) At the two ends of embryonal axis are present the radicle
and plumule.
90. In monocotyledonous seeds, the embryo is small and situated
in a groove at one end of the endosperm. It consists of one
large and;
(1) Bean shaped cotyledon known as Tigellum
(2) Kidney shaped cotyledon known as Scutellum
(3) Shield shaped cotyledon known as Scutellum
(4) Shield shaped cotyledon known as Tigellum
91. Endosperm is consumed by the developing embryo in:
(1) Monocots (2) Dicots
(3) Ferns (4) All of the above
92. In groundnut, the food/oil reserve is present in:
(1) Epicarp (2) Mesocarp
(3) Endosperm (4) Cotyledons
93. The mature seeds of plants such as gram and peas possess
no endosperm, because:
(1) These plants are not angiosperms
(2) There is no double fertilisation in them
(3) Endosperm is not formed in them
(4) Endosperm gets used up by the developing embryo
during seed development
94. Endosperm, a product of double fertilisation in angiosperms,
is absent in the seeds of:
(1) Coconut (2) Orchids
(3) Maize (4) Castor
95. The placenta is attached to the developing seed near the:
(1) Testa (2) Hilum
(3) Micropyle (4) Chalaza
SEMI-TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF A
TYPICAL FLOWERING PLANT
96. In floral formula, (K) denotes which structure?
(1) Corolla (2) Calyx
(3) Pedicel (4) Perianth
97. Individual components of perianth are called;
(1) Sepals (2) Petals
(3) Tepals (4) Bracts
98. An aspect of flower shown in floral formula but not in floral
diagram is;
(1) Position of ovary (2) Floral symmetry
(3) Aestivation (4) Cohesion of floral parts
DESCRIPTION OF SOME IMPORTANT
FAMILIES
99. One of the following is a fibre yielding plant, which one is
it?
(1) Crotalaria juncea (2) Cicer arietinum
(3) Triticum vulgare (4) Impatiens balsamina
100. Name the family having (9) + 1 arrangement of stamens.
(1) Solanaceae (2) Asteraceae
(3) Liliaceae (4) Fabaceae
101. Petunia , Datura and Nicotiana belong to family;
(1) Fabaceae (2) Poaceae
(3) Solanaceae (4) Liliaceae
102. Vexillary aestivation is characteristic of the family;
(1) Fabaceae (2) Asteraceae
(3) Solanaceae (4) Brassicaceae
103. Bicarpellary syncarpous ovary with axile placentation is
found in;
(1) Solanaceae (2) Asteraceae
(3) Malvaceae (4) Fabaceae
104. Monocarpellary ovary, diadelphous androecium and
marginal placentation occur in;
(1) Brassicaceae (2) Asteraceae
(3) Liliaceae (4) Fabaceae
105. Gynoecium having three fused carpels with a single ovule
containing chamber is;
(1) Tricarpellary, syncarpous, unilocular
(2) Tricarpellary, apocarpous, unilocular
(3) Tricarpellary, syncarpous, trilocular
(4) Tricarpellary, apocarpous, trilocular
106. Diadelphous condition occurs in;
(1) Solanaceae (2) Fabaceae
(3) Asteraceae (4) Liliaceae
107. Atropine, used for dilating pupil is obtained from Atropa
belladona , which is a member of angiospermic family;
(1) Cruciferae (2) Solanaceae
(3) Ranunculaceae (4) Fabaceae
108. Pulses are obtained from;
(1) Fabaceae (2) Asteraceae
(3) Poaceae (4) Solanaceae
109. Flower of Fabaceae is
(1) Complete, zygomorphic, pentamerous
(2) Complete, actinomorphic, trimerous
(3) Incomplete, zygomorphic, tirmirous
(4) Incomplete, actinomorphic, pentamerous
110. Legume as a fruit is found in
(1) Gram, arhar, sem, moong and soyabean
P Morphology of Flowering Plants 25
(2) Sweet pea, Lupin, Sesbania , Trifolium and muliathi
(3) Groundnut, Indigofera, sunhemp, Pisum and lentils
(4) All of these.
111. Pentamerous, actinomorphic flowers, bicarpellary ovary with
oblique septa and fruit a capsule or berry, are characteristic
features of:
(1) Brassicaceae (2) Solanaceae
(3) Liliaceae (4) Asteraceae
112. Add the missing floral organs in the given floral formula of
family Fabaceae.
(1) C1+2+2 (2) C1+2+(2)
(3) C1+2+3 (4) C 5
Prabal Exercise-2 (Learning Plus)Prabal Exercise-2 (Learning Plus)
1. Leaves are modified into tendrils, spines, pitchers and
bladders respectively in
( 1) Sweet pea, Cactus, Nepenthes , Utricularia
( 2) Sweet Pea, Cactus, Utricularia , Nepenthes
( 3) Nepenthes , Sweet Pea, Cactus, Utricularia
( 4) Utricularia , Nepenthes , Cactus, Sweet Pea
2. A plant bears fruit, has a column of vascular tissue and a tap
root system. This plant is a:
( 1) Angiosperm and dicot
( 2) Gymnosperm and dicot
( 3) Angiosperm and monocot
( 4) Gymnosperm and monocot
3. Read the following statements and find out the incorrect
statement.
(1) Both stem tendrils and thorns are the modification of
axillary buds.
(2) Thorns are woody, curved and pointed structures found
in Citrus and Bougainvillea for protecting them from
browsing animals.
(3) Opuntia and Euphorbia are found into arid regions.
They contain chlorophyll in their stem and carry out
photosynthesis.
(4) Stem tendrils are found in gourds and grapevines that
are slender and spirally coiled and help plants to climb.
4. Read the following statements and find out the incorrect
statement.
(1) Leaves are converted into spines for defence as in cacti
or into tendrils for climbing as in peas.
(2) In Australian acacia, the leaves are small and short-lived.
The lamina in these plants expand, become green and
synthesise food.
(3) The fleshy leaves of onion and garlic store food.
(4) Leaves of certain insectivorous plants such as pitcher
plant and venus fly trap are modified leaves.
5. Which of the following options is correct about family
Solanaceae?
(1) Pentamerous, bisexual, actinomorphic, hypogynous
(2) Trimerous, actinomorphic, bisexual, hypogynous
(3) Pentamerous, actinomorphic, unisexual, hypogynous
(4) Pentamerous, zygomorphic, bisexual, epigynous
6. What is the leaf specialization for Australian acacia?
(1) The leaves are small, short-lived and the small pedicle
become green and synthesise food.
(2) The leaves are small, long-lived and the petioles expand,
become green and synthesise food.
(3) The leaves are large, short-lived and the petioles expand,
become green and synthesise food.
(4) The leaves are small, short-lived and the petioles
expand, become green and synthesise food.
7. Read the following statements and identify the plant and
family to which it belongs.
A. Pinnately compound or simple leaf with pulvinate leaf
base.
B. Bisexual and zygomorphic flowers.
C. Superior, unilocular ovary with many ovules.
(1) Tobacco; Solanaceae
(2) Asparagus ; Liliaceae
(3) Soyabean; Fabaceae
(4) Gloriosa ; Fabaceae
8. Read the following statements.
A. The main axis terminates into a flower in the
inflorescences of Solanum.
B. Leaves can be modified in to tendrils and spines for
climbing and protection respectively.
(1) Both A & B are correct
(2) Only B is incorrect
(3) Both A & B are incorrect
(4) Only A is incorrect
9. Zygomorphic flower with vexillary aestivation, diadelphous
androecium and marginal placentation occurs in:
(1) Pisum , Family Fabaceae
P Morphology of Flowering Plants 27
(3) An Epigynous flower
(4) A semigynous flower
23. Staminode is the term used for-
(1) Group of stamens (2) fused stamens
(3) Sterile stamen (4) under developed stamen
24. The main purpose of stigma is-
(1) To connect ovary and style
(2) To provide receptive surface for pollen grains.
(3) To Provide nector to pollinators.
(4) All of these.
25. The given placentation in diagram below is seen in-
(1) Pea (2) China Rose
(3) Mustard (4) Primrose
26. Drupe develops from____________ ovary.
(1) Monocarpellary inferior
(2) Monocarpellary superior
(3) Bicarpellary superior
(4) Bicarpellary inferior
27. A flower was observed where the length of one filament was
different from other filament. In second observation there
were more filaments whose length were found to be different
from other. The flower is-
(1) Salvia (3) Mustard
(2) Citrus (4) Both (1) & (2)
28. Given below is the diagram of a monocotyledonous seed.
Choose the incorrect option regarding I, II , III, IV shown
in the figure-
(1) II is responsible for food storage.
(2) I represents seeds coat/ fruit wall.
(3) III is shield shaped cotyledon
(4) IV represents sheath which covers plumule.
29. Select the incorrect pair-
(1) Castor- endospermic seed
(2) Mustard- non endospermic seed
(3) Gram- non endospermic seeds
(4) Pea- endospermic seeds
30. The placenta forms a ridge along the ventral structure of the
ovary. The above statement refers to-
(1) Basal placentation
(2) Marginal placentation
(3) Parietal placentation
(4) Axile placentation
31. In a flower, if ovary is seen to be enclosed completely, which
of the following plant it might be-
(1) Tomato (2) Peach
(3) Guava (4) All of these
32. The sheath covering radicle and plumule, respectively are-
(1) Scutellum, Coleorhiza
(2) Coleorhiza, Scutellum
(3) Coleoptile, Coleorhiza
(4) Coleorhiza, Coleoptile
33. Ashwagandha is believed to show stress relieving property.
Which family does it belongs to-
(1) Poaceae (2) Solanaceae
(3) Liliaceae (4) Malvaceae
34. Select the incorrect statement/s from the following-
(1) Mesocarp is fibrous in coconut
(2) Maize and pea are dicotyledonous.
(3) Banana is referred as false fruit.
(4) Both (2) & (3)
35. ‘Gynoecium occupies the highest position.’ The above
statement refers to-
(1) Epigynous flower (2) Perigynous flower
(3) Hypogynous flower (4) Asymmetric flowers
36. What is NOT true about mustard-
(1) It has epigynous flower.
(2) The flower is radially divided into two equal halves.
(3) It shows actinomorphic condition.
(4) The length of filament can vary within a flower.
37. Overlapping of petals are seen in-
(1) twisted aestivation (2) valvate aestivation
(3) imbricate aestivation (4) Both (1) & (3)
28 NEET (XI) Module-1 Botany P
38. Gamopetalous condition is seen when-
(1) number of petals is equal to that of number of sepals.
(2) When petals are free.
(3) When petals are present in symmetrical manner.
(4) When petals are united.
39. A small pore is generally seen on hilum. It is-
(1) Tegmen (2) Plumule
(3) Micropyle (4) Coleoptile
40. Monocotyledonous seeds are mostly endospermic. The
exception to this statement is-
(1) Sunflower (2) Maize
(3) Orchids (4) All of these
41. The structure found at the two ends of embryonal axis are-
(1) Radicle and Microplye
(2) Micropyle and plumule
(3) Radicle and Plumule
(4) Hilum and Radicle
42. The different whorls of flower are arranged over –
(1) Stem (2) Receptacle
(3) Thalamus (4) Both (2) and (3)
43. The flowers are said to be actinomorphic or zygomorphic.
Such classification is based on-
(1) Ovary position
(2) Symmetry
(3) calyx & corolla position
(4) Morphological characteristics
44. Zygomorphic condition is when the flower can be divided
into two ________ halves.
(1) Vertical (2) Equal
(3) Similar (4) None of these
45. Which of the following is NOT a type of placentation.
A. Basal B. Free-basal
C. central D. Marginal
E. Parietal F. Free central
(1) Both B and F
(2) Both B and C
(3) Only B
(4) Only F
46. ________is indicated by enclosing the figure within bracket
and _______ by a line drawn above the symbols of the floral
parts.
(1) Adhesion, Cohesion (2) Fusion, Adhesion
(3) Cohesion, Fusion (4) Adhesion, Fusion
47. Which of the following is NOT represented by a floral
diagram-
(1) Number of androecium.
(2) Number of sepals and petals.
(3) Position of mother axis
(4) Venation
48. When a dot is present at the top of floral diagram, what does
it indicate-
(1) Nature of flower (2) Position of gametes
(3) Fusion of whorls (4) Position of mother axis
49. What is correct about the ovary of a flower where gynoecium
is situated in the centre-
(1) The ovary is inferior.
(2) the ovary is absent.
(3) the ovary is half superior.
(4) the ovary is half inferior.
