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Name : Devin Pitts, Zinaida Lopez School : St. John’s College Junior College Lab #: 4 Date : March 02/03/ Title :. Urinalysis Introduction: A urinalysis or analysis of your Urine is a test in which the Urine's physical properties and chemical components are observed and analyzed. The test is usually done by checking your Urine's appearance, concentration, odor, temperature, and content(Kampfrath,2022). An Urinalysis is essential because by doing this, your overall health can be looked at to detect any disease. Some diseases could be diabetes, urinary tract infections, and even problems relating to the kidney or the liver. To see anything wrong with the Urine, the first thing to be observed would be its physical characteristics. The characteristics that would be attending would be color, typically pale yellow to amber(Lerma,2022). Another one would be charity since Urine is usually transparent. The odor would also be observed since Urine is slightly aromatic or mild. As well as the Temperature which would normally be 37 degrees Celsius. The urine volume would also be observed since 1-2 liters are usually removed from the body. Chemical Properties relate to chemical components that are in the Urine. What is being looked for is to see what is present in the Urine. Some properties, to name a few, would be Urea, Uric acid, and creatine, which are usually a byproduct of protein; they would also check for protein since kidneys filter that out. Glucose is also being tested since Urine usually does not include Glucose. Bilirubin and urobilinogen are the breaking-down products of the erythrocytes or red blood cells. The Urine is
also checked to see if there is blood in it since it is usually not in Urine. The Urine would also be checked for the Leukocytes to know if they are elevated. All in all, both Chemical and physical characteristics from the urine aid in understanding when healthy. Objective : To Evaluate a collected urine sample's physical characteristics and chemical components and see how they relate to the body's overall health. Materials/Apparatus:
- Sterilized Plastic or Paper cup
- Urine Test Strip and Chart
- Gloves
- Hand sanitizer
- Thermometer
- PH paper
- Measuring Cylinder
- Recording Charts Procedure :
- The urine sample was first collected, and afterward, the physical characteristics, which were the odor, color, temperature, volume, and clarity, were observed.
- After that was completed, a test strip was removed from a bottle of URS 11 that had expired, and the strip was dipped in the urine to see the chemical composition.
- The test strip was trapped inside the cup, removing any excess urine. It was then held sideways for a few seconds to prevent mixing.
Clarity Transparent The urine had no fragments or any visible particles in it. Clear urine is often normal since that is the normal composition of urine. Temperature 35.5 Degree Celsius The Normal temperature of Urine is 37 degrees Celsius. This can indicate how long the Urine has been outside of the body. This Urine temperature suggests that it was outside the body for a while before being tested. Volume 94 ml An adult's average amount of urine varies from 250-400 ml. The volume of urine that was collected was 94 ml, which indicates that there is a hydration issue. TABLE 2: SHOWING THE CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF A URINE SAMPLE BASED ON THE RESULTS FROM URS 11 TEST STRIPS.
Chemical Examination Time(Seconds) Results Significance Glucose 30 Trace 5 Trace refers to a minimal amount that was found in the specimen. Usually, Urine does not have a large amount of glucose present. Proteins 60 Trace Tiny amounts of protein were found in the urine sample. This is normal since the kidneys filter and reabsorb protein. Ketones 40 Trace 0.5 Ketones are substances that are produced when the body breaks down fats. A small amount or trace is commonly found in urine since
equal solutes and water leaving the body. Blood 60 No Blood The lack of Blood in the urine is good because Blood is usually not found. The presence of Blood, too, would indicate a UTI, some injury, or even a blood disorder. Ph 60 7.0 PH refers to how acidic or basic/alkaline something is; the normal range for urine is 4.5 to 8. 7 based on the result 7 would be normal; however, some factors could affect the PH of the urine,
such as certain medications, diseases, and hydration levels. Urobilinogen 50 Negative Urobilinogen is a byproduct of the breakdown of bilirubin, which, like bilirubin, is formed from the breakdown of red blood cells. A negative result would indicate that there is no excess amount of it. A high amount can be based on liver function and breaking. Nitrite 60 0 Nitrate is a standard indicator for some sort of bacterial infection like UTI. So, a 0 result means
Regarding the result, 1.4mmol/L is within the normal range of 0.3 to 1.5 mmol/L. Too Little Vitamin C can result in deficiency, such as brittle bones and bad teeth. TABLE 3: SHOWING THE CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF A URINE SAMPLE BASED ON THE RESULTS FROM SIEMENS TEST STRIPS. Chemical Examination Time(Seconds) Results Significance Glucose 30 Negative Negatives can indicate that they are not present in significant amounts in Urine. Usually, Urine does not have a large amount of glucose present.
Proteins 60 Negative No protein was found in the urine sample. This is normal since the kidneys filter and reabsorb protein. Ketones 40 Negative Ketones are substances that are produced when the body breaks down fats. A small amount commonly found in urine since the body breaks down fats for energy. So this is within Normal for someone with a healthy diet. Bilirubin 30 secs Negative Bilirubin, a yellow-orange pigment, is often produced during the breaking down of Erythrocytes; since
The presence of Blood, too, would indicate a UTI, some injury, or even a blood disorder. Ph 60 6.5 PH refers to how acidic or basic/alkaline something is; the normal range for urine is 4.5 to 8. based on the result 6.5 it would be normal; however, some factors could affect the PH of the urine, such as certain medications, diseases, and hydration levels. Urobilinogen 50 Normal Urobilinogen is a byproduct of the breakdown of bilirubin, which, like
bilirubin, is formed from the breakdown of red blood cells. A normal result would indicate that it falls within the normal range of. 0.2 to 1. mg/dL.A high amount can be based on liver function and breaking. Nitrite 60 Negative Nitrate is a standard indicator for some sort of bacterial infection like UTI. So, a Negative result means no nitrate was detected in the Urine. Leukocytes 120 Negative Leukocytes, or white blood cells, fight off pathogens in our body. In the context of urine, Leukocytes
IMAGE 2:SHOWING THE URS 11 BOTTLE AND COLOR CHART
IMAGE 3: SHOWING SIMENS COLOR CHART AND BOTTLE
IMAGE 4:SHOWING THE URINE DIPSTICK CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEST RESULTS
A urinalysis helps to indicate an individual's overall health, and it provides essential information regarding an individual's health. Regarding the Biomedical significance of the physical examination, it helps provide an Important information concerning the possible detection of a disease in someone. For instance, the Clarity could show if there are bacteria in the body, and the odor could indicate if there is some sort of issue with the kidney regarding hydration since there could be a strong smell of Urea. The odor could also indicate if someone has diabetes since metabolic products influence urine, like Urea or sweet odor(Smith,2023). The color can also indicate if there is blood in the urine or if the person is dehydrated overall. Biochemical examination allows us to understand the individual's health on a chemical level. For instance, if there is excess glucose in the urine, we can see that the person has high glucose levels, indicating that the person could be a potential diabetic. When we look at proteins, if there is too much presence in the kidneys, it can show some form of kidney damage, which could be seen as a result of the kidneys not filtering proteins out of the urine. When we look at the By-products of Blood, Bilirubin, and Urobilinogen, too much of this could be related to the person's liver having an issue with processing hemoglobin(MedlinePlus,2022). Regarding the Leukocytes, there are often people who are healthy looking but have some sort of disease like HIV and Aids. This could show that their Leukocytes are high, leading to them doing some tests to see why it is tall. The presence of Blood as well because an individual had internal bleeding tests could show that it is occurring. It can also show if someone has some UTI, especially in women, since it's more common among females. Nitrate could also let us know if someone has a UTI as well(Bates 2021). The Ascorbate that is done could show the person or give them an understanding of why they lack vitamin C and have brittle bones. The specific gravity could indicate diabetes since they often urine water because they are often thirsty because of this they would not have a higher
concentration of solutes in their urine it would be mostly water. The results of the two tests on the expired test strip from URS 11 were similar to SIMEN. However, Leukocytes' presence differed, shown in URS 11 but not SIMENS. This is likely because expired test strips were used, which could give a false positive result. Another different thing was the Bilirubin, which was moderate for URS 11, which indicated that there was a possible indication of liver disease. However, in SIEMENS, that was negative. It's important to mention that even though the PH and specific gravity numbers were different from both test strips, they were still within the normal range. Another essential thing to say is that URS 11 tested for ascorbate, which is crucial in seeing if you lack vitamin C; however, Simens did not include that. Overall the lab provided an important insight into the understanding of the physical observation, and chemical components of urine. Sources of Error & Limitations : If the test strips were left out too long before the test and if the urine temperature was checked after a long extended period. Not putting the test strips to prevent mixing. Conclusion: In conclusion, a urine sample was collected, and the physical characteristics and chemical components were observed to see how they related to the body's overall health.
