Urodinamic in urological practice, Lecture notes of Urology

Using urodinamic practice for practical in urology

Typology: Lecture notes

2024/2025

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Perjalanan Penyakit dan
Diagnosis Hidronefrosis
pada Kasus Pediatrik
dr. Steven Gunawan, Sp.U, FICS
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Perjalanan Penyakit dan

Diagnosis Hidronefrosis

pada Kasus Pediatrik

dr. Steven Gunawan, Sp.U, FICS

Today’s Menu

Hidronefrosis

pada anak

Non

obstructive

hydronephrosis

Double

collecting

system

Ektopik Ureter

Ureterokel

Hidronefrosis Kongenital

• Hidronefrosis pada

janin dijumpai pada

1-2% dari kehamilan

• Kelainan kongenital

terbanyak yang

terdeteksi oleh USG

Obstruksi UP junction Obstruksi UV junction (^) Vesicoureteral reflux

Ureter ektopik Ureterokel^ Katup Uretra Posterior

Non-obstructive hydronephrosis

  • 90% of cases with mild or moderate hydronephrosis will stabilize or resolve to normal or mild dilatation within first 2 years of life
  • It is very important to distiguise non-obstructive hydronephrosis from obstructive hydronephrosis
    • To limit unnecessary surgery/ intervention
    • To prevent renal function deterioration by obstruction

Appropriate diagnostic tool

Gambaran Klinis

  • Pranatal: insidental saat dilakukan pemeriksaan USG saat kehamilan
  • Pascanatal: keluhan
    • ISK berulang (BAK keruh, demam)
      • Keluhan berkemih (sulit BAK, mengompol terus-menerus)
    • Teraba benjolan, perut seperti membesar
    • Sakit perut, nyeri pinggang
    • Gagal tumbuh (berat badan sulit naik)

USG Pascalahir

  • USG pada saat 48 jam pertama pascalahir mungkin

dapat luput mendeteksi dilatasi, karena efek dehidrasi

neonatus.

  • USG segera pascalahir hanya dilakukan pada kasus

hidronefrosis bilateral, ginjal soliter dan

oligohidramnion.

  • Pada kasus lainnya USG paling cepat dilakukan pada

akhir minggu pertama

EAU Guidelines 2008

USG Ginjal dan Kandung Kemih

Derajat hidronefrosis berkaitan dengan: ▪ Risiko terdapatnya kelainan urologi yang signifikan ▪ Keparahan kerusakan korteks ginjal ▪ Faktor risiko untuk intervensi

  • : Estrada CR Jr. Curr Opin Urol 18, 2008:401- **: Woodward M, Frank D. BJU Int 89, 2002:149- ***: Chertin B, Pollack A, Koulikov D, Rabinowitz R, Hain D, Hadas-Halpren I et al. European Urology 49, 2006:734-

Voiding/ Micturating

Cystouretrography (VCUG/ MCU)

Menilai kelainan anatomi dan fungsional kandung kemih dan uretra Setelah episode infeksi akut sudah diatasi Kateter/ feeding tube kaliber kecil Dalam keadaan sadar Kontras masuk secara perlahan melalui infus/ suntikan perlahan-lahan Meja dilengkapi alat fluoroskopi

VCUG/MCU

  • Fase pengisian
    • Evaluasi konfigurasi dan kapasitas kandung kemih
    • Lihat adanya kelainan seperti refluks vesiko-ureter/ VUR ( low pressure )
  • Fase berkemih
    • VUR ( high pressure )
    • Katup uretra posterior/ PUV
    • Voiding dysfunction
  • Fase pascamiksi
    • Sisa urin

Kurva Renogram

▪ Half-life (t ½) time: The

time takes for half of radionuclide to leave the renal collecting system

  • Normal: < 10 min.
  • Obstructive: > 20 min.
  • Indeterminate: 10- min.

Thomas DFM. Upper tract obstruction. In: Essential of pediatric urology, 2 nd^ edition, 2008: 75-

t 1/

Renografi (Sidik Ginjal)

Renografi Dinamik

  • Diferensiasi fungsi ginjal/ split renal function saat ini dipakai untuk menentukan perlu tidaknya intervensi

MR urografi (MRU)

  • Mulai berkembang digunakan: -Pajanan radiasi ion minimal -Gambaran anatomi yang jelas -Kombinasi Gadolinium-DTPA juga dapat memberikan informasi fungsi
  • Kekurangan:

-Mahal -Perlu waktu relatif lama -Perlu pembiusan

Grattan-Smith JD, Little SB, Jones RA. Pediatr Radiol (2008) 38 Suppl1:s49-s

Pathology Clinical manifestation USG VCUG UPJ stenosis Symptoms of UTI, palpable abdominal mass, flank pain

Hydronephrosis Ureter: not dilated

Could be associated with VUR

VUR Symptoms of UTI Hydronephrosis Hydroureter

VUR (+)

UVJ stenosis Symptoms of UTI, palpable abdominal mass, flank pain

Hydronephrosis Hydroureter (> 7 mm)

VUR (-)

PUV Male Difficulty to void Palpable bladder Symptoms of UTI

Kidney: hydronephrosis Ureter: dilated Keyhole sign Thick bladder wall, increased residual urine

PUV (+) Usually VUR (+)

Ureterocele In girls : could be with intralabial mass

Voiding difficulty and palpable bladder in obstructing ureterocele Symptoms of UTI

In double system: dilated upper pole kidney In single system: hydronephrosis Bladder :cystic mass intravesica

In double system: VUR at lower moieity

Ectopic ureter In girls : could be with urinary incontinence Symptoms of UTI

In double system: dilated upper pole kidney In single system: hydronephrosis Dilated distal ureter

In double system: VUR at lower moieity