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father, who made the case famous until now. It knows that after a deep investigation, Jennifer Pan used this murder plan as a tool against ...
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Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By LANIA DIKA OESITA PRATIWI Student Number: 184214061 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2022
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Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By LANIA DIKA OESITA PRATIWI Student Number: 184214061 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2022
iii A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis
By LANIA DIKA OESITA PRATIWI Student Number: 184214061 Defended before the Board of Examiners on April 26, 2022 and Declared Acceptable BOARD OF EXAMINERS NAME SIGNATURE Chairperson : Anindita Dewangga, Puri S.S., M.A. Secretary : Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum Member 1 : Dr. Bernardine Ria Lestari Member 2 : Anindita Dewangga Puri, S.S., M.A. Member 3 : Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum Yogyakarta, April 26, 2022 Faculty of Letters Universitas Sanata Dharma Dean Dr. Tatang Iskarna
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I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text of the undergraduate thesis. July 04, 2022 Lania Dika Oesita Pratiwi
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This undergraduate thesis is the result of my hard work over the past few months, going through a tough time, and great effort. I dedicated this masterpiece for:
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First of all, I would like to say Alhamdullilahi Rabbil ‘Alamin. Special thanks to Allah SWT for the blessing given to me while finishing my thesis. Without its love and guidance, I might never be able to reach this stage. This gratitude is dedicated to those who have encouraged me during my hard time finishing my study. Thank you so much for the support and love that keep motivating me not to give up, so I can complete my thesis successfully. I would like to offer the deepest gratitude to my thesis advisor, Anindita Dewangga Puri, S.S., M.A. , for all her patience and dedication in helping me finish my thesis. Thanks to my co-advisor, Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum , for giving me the detailed corrections and valuable feedback on my thesis. My gratitude goes to all the lecturers and staff in English Letters Department who gave me useful knowledge, service, and assistance. I sincerely express my gratitude to my mother Yuni Kristiani and my father Lasmi Kuat for their never ending love and prayers that keep me motivated in finishing my study. Thanks to Sella and Debora for giving the motivation, support, advice, and time to spend when I felt stuck working on my thesis. Thank you so much for listening to my story and accompanying me all this time. I treasure every moment we spend together. I also would like to deliver the biggest gratitude for myself. Thank you for your hard work and everything you have been gone through so far. You did a great job. Lania Dika Oesita Pratiwi
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Appendix 1: The types of speech Acts performed by the investigator during the investigation process of Jennifer Pan’s homicide case ....... 68 Appendix 2: The types of maxim violation found in Jennifer Pan’s statements given during the process of investigation. ......................... 103
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DEC : Declarative IMP : Imperative INT : Interrogative DEC : Declarations REP : Representatives COM : Commissives EXP : Expressives DIR : Directives QN : Quantity QL : Quality RL : Relevant MN : Manner
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PRATIWI, LANIA DIKA O. (2022). The Analysis of Maxim Violation in The Police Investigation Process to Reveal the Real Suspect of Jennifer Pan’s Homicide Case. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma. In the legal context, communication arranged by the investigator is meant to discover the evidence of a criminal case. It is necessary because many witnesses gave false statements and manipulated the situation, making it hard to find the suspect. In this study, the researcher discusses how maxim violation can assist the investigator in revealing the suspect. It shows that the witness’s statements become one of the factors that can support the investigator’s work in uncovering the suspect and solving the criminal case. Two objectives were formulated in this study. First, the researcher is interested in discovering the types of maxims violated by the witness to respond to the investigator’s speech acts through her statements. Second, the researcher wants to analyze how the witness’s statements become one of the factors that can assist the investigator’s work in finding the real suspect. This study belongs to qualitative research and employed pragmatics as the approach to analyze the data. In addition, the data collection procedure used in this study is observation. It was done by observing all the investigator’s utterances to analyze the types of speech acts. Some theories were used to conduct the analysis, such as the theory of speech acts by Yule (1996) and maxim violation by Cutting (2002). Based on the analysis result, the researcher found 239 data of both locutionary acts and illocutionary acts performed by the investigator. Interrogative becomes the dominant type of locutionary act that appears in 171 utterances. Meanwhile, the most performance type of illocutionary act is directive which occurred in 183 utterances. Through the use of speech acts, the investigator can collect information or evidence from the witness by asking questions or ordering the witness to give her statements. On the other hand, the witness’s statement also consists of maxim violation. They are maxim violation of quantity, maxim violation of quality, maxim violation of relevance, and maxim violation of manner. By violating maxims, the investigator knows that the witness lies when giving her statements by providing uninformative and ambiguous statements. It shows that the witness’s statements are irrelevant to the situation. From this factor, it can conclude that the witness’s statements become the factor that assists the investigator in finding the real suspect. Keywords: Pragmatics, Speech Acts, Maxim Violation, Investigation Process.
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PRATIWI, LANIA DIKA O. (2022). The Analysis of Maxim Violation in The Police Investigation Process to Reveal the Real Suspect of Jennifer Pan’s Homicide Case. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Dalam konteks hukum, komunikasi yang dilakukan oleh penyidik dimaksudkan untuk menemukan bukti suatu perkara pidana. Hal itu perlu dilakukan karena banyak saksi yang memberikan keterangan palsu dan memanipulasi situasi sehingga sulit menemukan tersangka. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti membahas bagaimana pelanggaran maksim dapat membantu penyidik dalam mengungkap tersangka. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa keterangan saksi menjadi salah satu faktor yang dapat mendukung kerja penyidik dalam mengungkap tersangka dan menyelesaikan perkara pidana. Dua tujuan dirumuskan dalam penelitian ini. Pertama, peneliti tertarik untuk menemukan jenis maksim yang dilanggar oleh saksi untuk menanggapi tindak tutur penyidik melalui keterangannya. Kedua, peneliti ingin menganalisis bagaimana keterangan saksi menjadi salah satu faktor yang dapat membantu kerja penyidik dalam menemukan tersangka yang sebenarnya. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian kualitatif dan menggunakan pragmatik sebagai pendekatan untuk menganalisis data. Selain itu, prosedur pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah observasi. Itu dilakukan dengan mengamati semua ucapan peneliti untuk menganalisis jenis-jenis tindak tutur. Beberapa teori digunakan untuk melakukan analisis, seperti teori tindak tutur Yule (1996) dan pelanggaran maksim oleh Cutting (2002). Berdasarkan hasil analisis, peneliti menemukan 239 data baik tindak lokusi maupun tindak ilokusi yang dilakukan oleh penyidik. Interogatif menjadi jenis tindak lokusi dominan yang muncul dalam 171 tuturan. Sementara itu, jenis tindak ilokusi yang paling banyak ditampilkan adalah direktif yang terjadi pada 183 tuturan. Melalui penggunaan tindak tutur, penyidik dapat mengumpulkan keterangan atau bukti dari saksi dengan mengajukan pertanyaan atau memerintahkan saksi untuk memberikan keterangannya. Di sisi lain, keterangan saksi juga mengandung pelanggaran maksim. Yaitu pelanggaran maksim kuantitas, pelanggaran maksim kualitas, pelanggaran maksim relevansi, dan pelanggaran maksim tata krama. Dengan melanggar maksim, penyidik mengetahui bahwa saksi berbohong ketika memberikan keterangannya dengan memberikan keterangan yang tidak informatif dan ambigu. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa keterangan saksi tidak relevan dengan keadaan. Dari faktor tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa keterangan saksi menjadi faktor yang membantu penyidik dalam menemukan tersangka yang sebenarnya. Keywords: Pragmatics, Speech Acts, Maxim Violation, Investigation Process.
2 have a function and effect on the hearer. Moreover, this action performed by the speaker is known as speech acts. Using speech acts when communicating can help people understand what others mean. That is because speech acts can be a tool to convey what people think and wants. Yule (1996) points out there are five types of speech acts. They are commissive, expressive, directive, declaration, and representative (p. 53). These types have different functions, such as asking questions or giving commands. The application of speech acts also exists in a legal context, such as the investigation process. By performing speech acts, the investigator can discover the evidence and collect information from the witness to find the suspect and solve the case properly. The way the investigator asks a question during the investigation consists of speech acts that require the witness to give their statements. It is necessary due to the witness’s tendency to hide the facts, making it hard to find the real suspect behind the criminal case. In addition, another factor that assists the investigator in finding the suspect in some criminal cases is the witness's statements. Sometimes the witness gives untruth information to hide the actual situation, and this action is known as violating maxims. According to Cutting (2002), maxim violation is breaking the rules of cooperative principles intended to make the hearer misunderstand and hide the speaker's intention in a conversation (p. 40). The witness considered lying during the investigation by providing uninformative and ambiguous information irrelevant to the situation.
3 In this study, the research aims to discover how speech acts used by the investigator can effectively assist in revealing the real suspect in Jennifer Pan's homicide case and also to find out how the witness's statements become one of the factors that influenced in uncovering the real suspect. The researcher uses speech acts theory by Yule (1996) and maxim violation theory by Cutting (2002) to reach that purpose. It describes the types of maxim violated by the witness to respond to the investigator's speech acts and discusses how the witness's statements that consist of maxim violation when responding to the investigator's speech acts can make the investigator reveal the real suspect in this homicide case. B. Problem Formulation The research focuses on the use of speech acts during the investigation of Jennifer Pan. As a result, the researcher comes to the following conclusion.
5 Cooperative Principle is the attitude of cooperation that is not attempting to convince, deceive, or resist essential information from one another. According to Grice (1975), cooperative principles refer to the contribution required by the agreed-upon purpose or direction of the communication exchange when it occurs (p. 45). It is the concept where the participant will collaborate during the conversation. Meanwhile, cooperative principles can affect the work of communication between the speaker and listener (Yule, 1996, p. 35). V iolation Maxim is the action of breaking the cooperative principle’s rules by hiding meaning when speaking (Grice, 1975, p. 49). The speakers are intentionally doing the violation and involve some elements of failure to communicate with the hearer. It exists when the speakers know that the listener will not know the truth and only understand the surface meaning of the conversation (Cutting, 2002, p. 40). The investigation Process is a procedure to collect information to solve criminal cases. According to Coulthard and Johnson (2007), the investigation process is a methodical examination that includes gathering facts and information (p. 80). Gehl and Plecas (2016) state that the investigation process constructs by a series of actions, including a collection of evidence, the analysis of information, the hypothesis formulation, and the arresting and charging of the suspect (p. 6). Meanwhile, Investigators are professional people who collect information through evidence (Gehl & Plecas, 2016, p. 6). Their goal is to solve or uncover the criminal problem. Moreover, the definitions of Suspects are someone who committed a crime (Glaser, 2015, p. 3).
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This chapter separates into three sections. The first section is the review of related studies that consists of the explanation of other previous studies. The second section is the review of related theories that includes a discussion of some theories. These theories use to analyze the data and help the researcher conduct the study. The last section is the theoretical framework that explains how the theories use to solve the problem. A. Review of Related Studies This section contains several studies used as references, ideas, and reading materials in conducting and completing the study. The first study entitled “ Speech Acts Realized by Police Investigator in Interrogation of Drug Cases at Polres Langkat ” written by Ajeng (2019) from University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara. This study discusses police investigators’ speech acts in the interrogation process of a drug case at Polres Langkat. It analyzes how the use of speech acts can assist in finding the facts of a criminal case. The research focuses on the types of speech acts that investigators use to communicate appropriately with the suspect, so they can collect the evidence. In this study, the result shows there are three types of speech acts in investigators’ utterances, and representative is the most performance type.
