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DRUG UTILIZATION STUDY AND ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS
MONITORING OF ANTIBIOTICS FOR RESPIRATORY TRACT
INFECTIONS IN PAEDIATRICS AT INTEGRAL INSTITUTE OF
MEDICAL SCIENCE AND RESEARCH
Presented By
ABDUL KAYUM ANSARI, SAMEEKSHA SAXENA AND ZEESHAN AHMAD
Pharm, D. Fifth Year
SUPERVISOR
Dr. Mohd. Afroz Ahmad
Asst. Professor
Faculty of pharmacy
CO-SUPERVISOR
Dr. Mr. Mohd. Ajmal
Asst. Professor
Faculty of pharmacy
CLINICAL SUPERVISOR
Dr. Faraz Ahmad Khan
Asst. Professor
IIMSR
INTRODUCTION
WHY DUS AND ADR MONITORING STUDIES REQUIRED
IN PAEDIATRICS
A very few DUS studies available
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics are different in children
Lack of participation of children in clinical trials
Failure to comply with therapeutic regimens
Children more susceptible to infections
Potential ADE rate statistically higher in children
ADR MONITORING/ PHARMACOVIGILANCE
Science and activities relating to the detection, assessment,
understanding and prevention of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) or any other
medicines related problems.
“ADR is any response to a drug which is noxious and unintended and
occurs at doses normally used in man for prophylaxis, diagnosis or therapy
of disease or the modification of physiological function”.
Adverse drugs reactions are traditionally classified into two broad
categories as follows
- Type A ( "Augmented") reactions
- Type B ( "Bizarre") reactions
RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
Respiratory tract infection (RTI) refers to any of a number of infectious diseases involving the
respiratory tract.
It is two types
- (^) Lower Respiratory tract infection
- (^) Upper Respiratory tract infection
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
Most common infections in children.
Common Cold, Pharyngitis, Laryngitis, Otitis media, Epiglottitis, and
Sinusitis are the common URT infections in children.
One of the leading causes of child mortality throughout the world (for
example: otitis media).
Typical infections of the upper respiratory tract include tonsillitis,
pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, otitis media, certain types of influenza,
and the common cold.
Symptoms of URIs can include cough, sore throat, runny nose, nasal
congestion, headache, low-grade fever, facial pressure and sneezing.
The lower respiratory tract comprises of the trachea (wind pipe), bronchial
tubes, the bronchioles, and the lungs.
Lower respiratory tract contaminations are by and large more genuine
than upper respiratory diseases.
LRIs are the main source of death among all irresistible diseases. The
two most basic LRIs are bronchitis and pneumonia
Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) is a term often used as a synonym
for pneumonia but can also be applied to other types of infection
including lung abscess and acute bronchitis. Symptoms include shortness
of breath, weakness, fever, coughing and fatigue
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION
COMMON BACTERIAL PATHOGENS CAUSING LRTI
INFECTIONS
AIMS & OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the drug utilization pattern of antibiotics for Respiratory Tract
infections in Paediatrics.
To monitor the Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) monitoring of antibiotics
for Respiratory Tract infections in Paediatrics.
STUDY DESIGN
METHODOLOGY
EXCLUSION CRITERIA
Patient who was not treated with antibiotics.
Patient unable to comply.
Mentally retarded and unconscious patient.
INCLUSION CRITERIA
All the patients between 0-12 years of age, irrespective of the sex attending
the paediatric OPD and IPD were included in the study.
Patient who was diagnosed with respiratory tract infections (URTI and
LRTI).
PARAMETERS FOR EVALUATION
Type of
Indicators
Parameters for evaluation
Prescribing
Indicators
a. Average no. of drugs prescribed*
b. Average no. of antibiotics prescribed
c. % medicines prescribed by generic name*
d. % encounters with an injection prescribed*
Patient
Care Indicators
a. Average consultation time*
Other
Indicators
a. Average medicine cost per prescription*
b. Most commonly prescribed category of drugs
c. Most commonly prescribed category of antibiotics
d. Most commonly prescribed antibacterial of a particular
category
*** WHO/INRUD Indicators**
OBSERVATIONS
&
RESULTS
Gender distribution of the study subjects
Gender No. of Patients % Patients
Male 34 68%
Female 16 32%
Total 50 100%
Male Female
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
34
16
68.00%
32.00%
Gender
No of patient
Among the 50 respiratory tract infection patients, 34( 68%) patients were male and 16 (32%)
patients were female. Incidence of RTI was found more in males as compared to females.
