Understanding Molecular Structure: Covalent Bonds, VSEPR Model, and Molecular Geometry, Exams of Creative writing

An in-depth exploration of molecular structure, focusing on covalent bonds, the valence shell electron pair repulsion (vsepr) model, and molecular geometry. Topics include bonding and nonbonding electron pairs, localized electron bonding, bond lengths, and various molecular geometries such as linear, trigonal planar, square planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, and octahedral.

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Pre 2010

Uploaded on 08/31/2009

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Lab Final Review18.3, 18.6
(suppl. #5)
Holiday May 30
Hydrogen economy
Global climate change
May 30
June 1 – 3
10
Exp. 22 Analysis of Aspirin Lab Final
Review / Check-out
19.3
p 1055-1059
(suppl. #4)
Biochemistry of DNA and
RNA, enzymes,
genetic code
May 23 279
Exp. 22 Synthesis of Aspirin and O il of
Wintergreen
19.5, 20.8,
p 1050-1055
(suppl. #3)
Exam 2 Wed. May 18
Biochemistry: lipids,
carbohydrates, proteins
Exam 2
May 16 –20
8
Exp. 21 Analysis of Transition Metal
Complexes
20.4 – 20.6Coordination chemistry
Crystal field theory
Quiz 2 Wed. May 11
May 9 – 13
Quiz 2
7
Exp. 21 Synthesis of Transition M etal
Complexes
17.6 – 17.8
20.1 – 20.3
Solutions (continued)
Transition metals
May 2 – 66
Exp. 20 ColligativeProperties: Freezing Point
Depression
16.10 – 16.11
17.1 – 17.5
Changes of state, phase
diagrams, solutions,
colligativeproperties
April 25 –295
Exp. 19 Determination of
Avogadro’s Number
16.1 – 16.4
p 785-790
(suppl. #2)
Exam 1 Wed. Apr. 20
Intermol. Forces, Liquids,
Solids
Exam 1
April 18 –2 2
4
Exp. 17 Oxidation of Alcohol
Exp. 18 Recycling Aluminum
22.4 - 22.5
p 1043-1050
(suppl. #1)
Organic Chemistry
Intro to Proteins
Quiz 1 Wed. Apr. 13
April 11 –1 5
Quiz 1
3
Exp. 17 Oxidation of Alcohol
Exp. 18 Recycling Aluminum
14.3 - 14.6
22.1 – 22.3
Covalent Bonding
Organic Chemistry
April 4 –82
Check-In13.13
14.1 – 14.2
VSEPR
Covalent Bonding
Mar. 28 – Apr. 11
Chem. 1CL Lab AssignmentChapterTopicDateWeek
Chem. 1C FINAL EXAM: Thursday June 9 12 – 3 PM Chem. 1179 2
Chemical Bond a force causing a group of atoms to
behave as a unit; lower-energy state of the system
Example – for ethane (C2H6) we envision
one C-C bond and six C-H bonds
A bond can also be thought of as a
quantity of energy. The sum of
energies in the individual bonds is
equal to the energy of stabilization
for the entire molecule.
Covalent, polar covalent, and ionic
bonds are defined by the relative
electronegativities of the atoms
3
•All bonds of a particular type – eg, all C-H single bonds – have the same
amount of energy – simplifying assumption to understand molecular structure
•Energies for formation of a molecule from constituent atoms, and for
chemical reactions, can be calculated from this and similar tables.
•Breaking bonds costs energy, while forming bonds liberates energy
•Multiple bonds carry higher energies 4
Bond lengths for higher-energy multiple bonds are shorter
pf3
pf4
pf5

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Lab Final Review

(suppl. #5)

Holiday May 30

Hydrogen economy

Global climate change

May 30

June 1 – 3

Exp. 22 Analysis of Aspirin Lab Final

Review / Check-out

p 1055- (suppl. #4)

Biochemistry of DNA and

RNA, enzymes,

genetic code

May 23

Exp. 22 Synthesis of Aspirin and Oil ofWintergreen

19.5, 20.8,p 1050-

(suppl. #3)

Exam 2 Wed. May 18

Biochemistry: lipids,

carbohydrates, proteins

Exam 2

May 16 – 20

Exp. 21 Analysis of Transition Metal

Complexes

Coordination chemistry

Crystal field theory

Quiz 2 Wed. May 11

May 9 – 13

Quiz 2

Exp. 21 Synthesis of Transition Metal

Complexes

Solutions (continued)

Transition metals

May 2 – 6

Exp. 20 Colligative Properties: Freezing Point

Depression

Changes of state, phasediagrams, solutions,colligative properties

April 25 –

Exp. 19 Determination of

Avogadro’s Number

16.1 – 16.4p 785-790(suppl. #2)

Exam 1 Wed. Apr. 20 Intermol. Forces, Liquids,Solids

Exam 1

April 18 – 22

Exp. 17 Oxidation of Alcohol Exp. 18 Recycling Aluminum

p 1043-

(suppl. #1)

Organic Chemistry

Intro to Proteins

Quiz 1 Wed. Apr. 13

April 11 – 15

Quiz 1

Exp. 17 Oxidation of Alcohol Exp. 18 Recycling Aluminum

Covalent Bonding Organic Chemistry

April 4 – 8

Check-In

VSEPR

Covalent Bonding

Mar. 28 – Apr. 1

Chem. 1CL Lab Assignment

Chapter

Topic

Date

Week Chem. 1C

FINAL EXAM

Thursday

June 9

12 – 3 PM

Chem. 1179

Chemical Bond – a force causing a group of atoms to

behave as a unit; lower-energy state of the system

Example – for ethane (C

H

) we envision

one C-C bond and six C-H bonds

A bond can also be thought of as a

quantity of energy. The sum ofenergies in the individual bonds isequal to the energy of stabilizationfor the entire molecule.

Covalent, polar covalent, and ionic

bonds are defined by the relativeelectronegativities of the atoms

•All bonds of a particular type – eg, all C-H single bonds – have the same

amount of energy – simplifying assumption to understand molecular structure

•Energies for formation of a molecule from constituent atoms, and for

chemical reactions, can be calculated from this and similar tables.

•Breaking bonds costs energy, while forming bonds liberates energy•Multiple bonds carry higher energies

Bond lengths for higher-energy multiple bonds are shorter

Localized electron bonding model – a molecule is composed

of atoms that are bound together by using atomic orbitalsto share electron pairs.

Lone electron pair – localized on a particular atomBonding electron pair – localized between two atoms •

Description of valence electron arrangements is done

by Lewis structures

Description of molecular geometry is by VSEPR model

and by orbital mixing (hybridization)

Example – BeCl

2

is linear.

180° bond angle maximizes

separation of electron pairs

VSEPR Model – valence-shell electron pair repulsionPrinciple – the structure around any atom is determined

primarily by minimizing electron pair repulsion. Positionthe electron pairs as far apart as possible around the atom

BF

3

– there are three pairs of electrons surrounding boron

Maximizing their separation gives 120° bond angles

The resulting geometry of the molecule is trigonal planar

Square planar arrangement

The bond angles in the CH

NH

, and H

O molecules

Nonbonded electron pairs need a little more room around

each other as they are not constrained by nuclei oneach side – bonding pairs get a little closer to each other

Trigonal bipyramidal

Octahedral

Possible electron-pair arrangement for X

e

F

LONE PAIRS ARE ONLY 90° APART

LONE PAIRS ARE 180° APART

The molecular structure is square planarThe arrangement of electron pairs is octahedralCan predict that there will be no dipole moment in XeF

4

The Lewis structure for I

Possible arrangements of electron pairs in I

3

Structure c is preferred because the lone pairs are 120° apart

NO

is known to be planar with

120-degree bond angles

•NO

3

anion contains a

double bond.

•Treat the double bond

as one effective pairfor purposes of VSEPR

•Also true for triple bonds•Use any of the resonance

forms as equivalent

Figure 13.21: Molecular structure

of methanol

USE OF VSEPR

FOR MULTIPLEATOMS IN AMOLECULE