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Question 1. Which layer of the arterial wall contains smooth muscle cells responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation? A) Tunica intima B) Tunica media C) Tunica adventitia D) Endothelium Answer: B Explanation: The tunica media is rich in smooth muscle cells that regulate vessel diameter through vasoconstriction and vasodilation, crucial for blood flow regulation. Question 2. During embryological development, the dorsal aorta primarily gives rise to which adult structure? A) Pulmonary arteries B) Ascending aorta C) Descending thoracic aorta D) Aortic arch branches Answer: C Explanation: The dorsal aorta contributes primarily to the formation of the descending thoracic and abdominal aorta during embryogenesis.
Question 3. Which hemodynamic principle explains the tendency of blood to flow from high to low pressure areas? A) Poiseuille's law B) Bernoulli's theorem C) Laplace's law D) Ohm's law Answer: D Explanation: Ohm's law (flow = pressure difference / resistance) describes blood flow as driven by pressure gradients, moving from high to low pressure. Question 4. Endothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of which vascular disease process? A) Aneurysm formation B) Atherosclerosis C) Vasculitis D) Venous insufficiency Answer: B
Answer: A Explanation: CRP is a sensitive marker of inflammation, often elevated in vasculitis, aiding in diagnosis and monitoring. Question 7. Which imaging modality provides real-time assessment of blood flow and vessel morphology without ionizing radiation? A) Duplex ultrasound B) CTA C) Conventional arteriography D) MRA with gadolinium Answer: A Explanation: Duplex ultrasound combines B-mode imaging with Doppler flow assessment, providing real-time, non-invasive evaluation. Question 8. The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is used primarily to assess which condition? A) Deep vein thrombosis B) Peripheral arterial disease C) Carotid stenosis
D) Venous insufficiency Answer: B Answer: B Explanation: ABI compares systolic pressures of the ankle and brachial arteries to diagnose peripheral arterial disease. Question 9. Which is the main goal of risk factor modification in vascular disease management? A) Complete cure B) Reduce progression and prevent events C) Eliminate all symptoms D) Avoid surgical intervention Answer: B Explanation: Modifying risk factors aims to slow disease progression and prevent cardiovascular and limb-threatening events. Question 10. Which pharmacologic agent is most effective in reducing platelet aggregation in arterial thrombosis? A) Warfarin B) Heparin
B) Carotid endarterectomy C) Bypass grafting D) Thromboendarterectomy Answer: A Explanation: EVAR is a minimally invasive technique for repairing abdominal aortic aneurysms, suitable for suitable anatomy. Question 13. In a patient with suspected acute limb ischemia, which clinical sign indicates the most urgent need for intervention? A) Rest pain B) Pallor C) Mottling with paralysis D) Cold extremity Answer: C Explanation: Mottling with paralysis indicates irreversible ischemic injury, requiring urgent intervention to salvage the limb. Question 14. Which of the following is the primary indication for carotid endarterectomy? A) Symptomatic carotid stenosis >70%
B) Asymptomatic carotid stenosis >90% C) Any carotid plaque regardless of stenosis D) Complete carotid occlusion Answer: A Answer: A Explanation: Symptomatic carotid stenosis >70% significantly increases stroke risk, making endarterectomy beneficial. Question 15. Which is a common complication following carotid endarterectomy? A) Myocardial infarction B) Cranial nerve injury C) Deep vein thrombosis D) Pulmonary embolism Answer: B Explanation: Cranial nerve injury, especially to the hypoglossal nerve, is a known complication due to dissection near the carotid bifurcation. Question 16. Which visceral artery is most commonly involved in chronic mesenteric ischemia?
Question 18. Which endovascular technique is used to treat an aortic arch aneurysm that involves deploying a stent graft via femoral access? A) TEVAR B) BEVAR C) FEVAR D) EVAR Answer: D Explanation: EVAR (Endovascular Aneurysm Repair) involves deploying a stent graft through femoral access to exclude the aneurysm. Question 19. Which is the most common site for arterial trauma leading to limb ischemia? A) Iliac artery B) Femoral artery C) Carotid artery D) Subclavian artery Answer: B
Explanation: The femoral artery is most frequently injured in limb trauma, often leading to hemorrhage or ischemia. Question 20. Which technique involves removing plaque from the artery using a rotating or directional device? A) Angioplasty B) Atherectomy C) Stenting D) Endarterectomy Answer: B Explanation: Atherectomy employs devices like rotational or laser systems to remove atheromatous plaque. Question 21. Which surgical bypass is typically performed for femoropopliteal occlusive disease? A) Aortobifemoral bypass B) Femoropopliteal bypass C) Carotid endarterectomy D) Axillofemoral bypass Answer: B
D) Venous malformation Answer: B Explanation: Varicose veins result from valvular incompetence leading to venous dilation and tortuosity. Question 24. Which imaging modality is most sensitive for detecting deep vein thrombosis? A) Venography B) Duplex ultrasound C) MRI D) Contrast-enhanced CT Answer: B Explanation: Duplex ultrasound is the first-line, most sensitive, and non-invasive modality for DVT detection. Question 25. Which pharmacologic therapy is typically used for acute deep vein thrombosis? A) Antibiotics B) Anticoagulation C) Thrombolytics only
D) Antiplatelet agents Answer: B Explanation: Anticoagulation prevents clot extension and embolization in DVT management. Question 26. What is the primary purpose of an inferior vena cava filter? A) Prevent pulmonary embolism B) Treat deep vein thrombosis C) Reduce varicose veins D) Improve venous flow Answer: A Explanation: IVC filters trap emboli from lower extremities, preventing pulmonary embolism in high-risk patients. Question 27. Which clinical feature distinguishes post-thrombotic syndrome? A) Recurrent deep vein thrombosis B) Chronic leg swelling and pain after DVT C) Ulceration in the lower limb
D) Endovascular embolization Answer: C Explanation: Surgical correction with venous bypass and wound care addresses venous hypertension and ulcer healing. Question 30. Which aspect of pulmonary embolism management involves immediate anticoagulation? A) To prevent further clot formation B) To dissolve existing clots instantly C) To prevent bleeding D) To improve oxygenation directly Answer: A Explanation: Anticoagulation inhibits clot propagation and new clot formation, essential in PE management. Question 31. Which type of lymphedema is caused by congenital lymphatic vessel abnormalities? A) Primary lymphedema B) Secondary lymphedema C) Traumatic lymphedema
D) Infectious lymphedema Answer: A Explanation: Primary lymphedema results from congenital malformations of lymphatic vessels. Question 32. Which surgical procedure involves connecting lymphatic vessels directly to venous circulation? A) Lymphaticovenous anastomosis B) Lymph node transfer C) Sclerotherapy D) Liposuction Answer: A Explanation: Lymphaticovenous anastomosis creates bypasses to improve lymph drainage in lymphedema. Question 33. Which vascular access type is preferred for long-term hemodialysis? A) Central venous catheter B) Arteriovenous fistula C) Peripherally inserted central catheter
D) Antibiotics Answer: B Explanation: Emergency open surgical repair is standard, though EVAR may be considered if available and suitable. Question 36. Which is a contraindication for endovascular aneurysm repair? A) Favorable anatomy B) Severe iliac artery calcification C) Large aneurysm size D) Patient age over 70 Answer: B Explanation: Severe calcification or tortuosity of access vessels can preclude safe EVAR deployment. Question 37. Which technique is used to exclude an aneurysm by sewing a graft directly onto the diseased segment? A) Aneurysmorrhaphy B) Aneurysmectomy with graft interposition C) Endovascular stent grafting
D) Bypass grafting Answer: B Explanation: Aneurysmectomy involves excising the aneurysm and replacing it with a graft for definitive repair. Question 38. Which injury mechanism most commonly causes penetrating arterial trauma? A) Blunt force B) Penetrating stab or gunshot wound C) Iatrogenic injury D) Aneurysm rupture Answer: B Explanation: Penetrating trauma such as stab or gunshot wounds directly injure arteries. Question 39. Which complication is most common following arterial trauma repair? A) Infection B) Recurrent bleeding C) Thrombosis
