Download Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Global Health: An Overview and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
Action Areas of SDG's - correct answer ✅People, planet, prosperity, peace, partnership Reasons for SDG's - correct answer ✅1. A new set of goals and targets were needed when the MDG's finished in 2015
- Progress in all areas was uneven across regions and countries, leaving millions of people behind especially the poorest and those disadvantaged due to sex, age, disability, ethnicity or geographical location
- New global challenges had emerged and needed to be considered, including the impact of increasing conflict and extremism, widespread migration, economic and financial instability and large scale environmental changes Objectives of SDG's - correct answer ✅1. End extreme poverty
- Fight inequality and injustice
- Address climate change SDG 3 - correct answer ✅Good Health and Wellbeing: Ensure Healthy Lives and Promote Wellbeing for All at All Ages Key Features of SDG 3 - correct answer ✅1. Reduce maternal mortality
- End preventable deaths of newborns and children under five
- End the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical disease, and combat hepatitis, water-borne disease and other communicable disease
SDG 1 (No Poverty) - correct answer ✅Remove poverty and inequality within and among nations SDG 1 Aim - correct answer ✅- Eradicating extreme poverty currently measured as people living on less than US $1.90 a day
- Implementing social protection systems- eg. Centerlink, Medicare, NDIS SDG 1 ans SDG 3 - correct answer ✅The government of poor countries often do not invest resources to provide public health and wellbeing services like safe water and sanitation, health promotion, healthcare, education and social security - sanitation- disease can spread rapidly like diarrhoea, higher U5MR SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) - correct answer ✅End all forms of hunger and malnutrition, making sure all people- especially children and the more vulnerable- have access to nutritious food all year round by promoting sustainable agriculture SDG 2 Aim - correct answer ✅1. End hunger and ensure access for all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, such as infants, to safe nutritious and sufficient food
- End all forms of malnutrition SDG 2 and SDG 3 - correct answer ✅- Maternal ad child health and wellbeing will be improved with access to nutritious food, reducing U5MR and maternal mortality rates
- Improved nutrition, strengthens immunity and reduces the risk of children contracting and dying from communicable disease
SDG 5 and SDG 3 - correct answer ✅1. Ending violence will decrease injuries, reduce fear and sexual assault
- Achieving gender equality means girls can access education and women can gain employment SDG 6 (Clean water and Sanitation) - correct answer ✅Ensuring that all people are able to enjoy clean water and adequate sanitation SDG 6 Aim - correct answer ✅- Achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water
- Enable access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all SDG 6 and SDG 3 - correct answer ✅Improved water and sanitation along with better management of water resources can increase economic growth and contribute to poverty reduction. These economic gains provide greater capacity for countries to invest resources into providing universal healthcare, sexual and reproductive health services and access to essential and affordable medicines and vaccines SDG 13 (Climate Action) - correct answer ✅Taking urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts SDG 13 Aim - correct answer ✅- Improve education, awareness- rising and the capacity of people and organisations to take actions that reduce or prevent environmental degradation
- Strengthen the resilience and capacity of all countries to adapt to climate-related hazards and natural disasters
SDG 13 and SDG 3 - correct answer ✅1. Reducing deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals, air, water and soil pollution will not be achieved if the effects of climate change are not addressed Principles of the WHO - correct answer ✅1. The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political beliefs, economic or social condition
- The health of all people is fundamental to the attainment of peace and security and is dependent on the fullest co-operation of individuals and States
- Unequal development in different countries in the promotion of health and control of diseases, especially communicable diseases is a common danger Provide Leadership and Creates Partnerships to Promote Health and Wellbeing - correct answer ✅The WHO works with member states and other agencies to develop international policies and regulations to prevent and manage disease outbreaks and co- ordinate relief efforts in times of disaster
- Partnerships have helped to produced effective vaccines against meningitis, Ebola, and the first malaria vaccines Conduct Research and Provide Health and Wellbeing Information - correct answer ✅The WHO works with others to ensure the most up-to-date research is available to help inform decisions that promote health and wellbeing; prevent and control disease, improve health systems; and help achieve universal healthcare. The WHO provides expertise in research and development to
Monitor Health and Wellbeing and Assess Health and Wellbeing Trends - correct answer ✅WHO has developed a Global Health Observatory which stored and shares health related data. It helps countries identify who is getting ill, from which disease and how and where they are getting ill so resources can be targeted to where they are the most needed
- Each year, WHO studies influenza trends to determine what should be included in the following seasons influenza vaccine Achieving Universal Health Coverage - Strategic Priority 1 - correct answer ✅Refers to every country having a storing and resilient people-centred health system based on primary care, health promotion and disease prevention
- Health Workforce - ensure health workers are sufficiently trained
- Access to Medicines, vaccines and health products - work with countries to provide safe and effective essential medicines and vaccines Addressing Health Emergencies- Strategic Priority 2 - correct answer ✅WHO will work to ensure national health emergency programs in all countries are supported by a well-resourced and efficient WHO Health Emergencies Program
- Ensuring All People Affected by Health Emergencies have Access to Essential Life-Saving Health Services Including Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
- Building and Sustaining Resilient National, Regional and Global Capacities Necessary to keep the World Safe from Epidemics and other Health Emergencies (eg. Quarantine) Promoting Health Population- Strategic Priority 3 - correct answer ✅- Accelerating Elimination and Eradication of High
Impact Communicable Diseases - Achieving the 2030 target of ending the epidemic of AIDS, TB, malaria and neglected tropical disease, and combatting hepatitis, water-borne disease and other communicable disease cannot be achieved without significantly accelerating prevention, control and elimination efforts by introducing cost-effective and high-impact interventions
- Addressing Health Effects of Climate Change in Small Island Developing States and Other Vulnerable States - These nations are vulnerable and they face increasing climate and pollution- related risks, with women, children and those who are the poorest being particularly at risk Developed - correct answer ✅Considered to have a high level of economic development Developing - correct answer ✅Considered to have low economic development Gross National Income (GNI) - correct answer ✅The total value of goods and services a country's citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country per capita Poverty - correct answer ✅Lack of access to resources often as a result of lack of access to money Extreme Poverty - correct answer ✅Proportion of the population living on less than US $1.90 per day
Food Security - correct answer ✅Natural disasters, like floods and droughts can have impacts on food availability Developed - correct answer ✅Considered to have a high level of economic development Developing - correct answer ✅Considered to have low economic development Gross National Income - correct answer ✅The total value of goods are services a country's citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country, per capita Poverty - correct answer ✅Refers to deprivation from lack of income and this causes a lack of material resources such as food, shelter, clean water and healthcare Extreme Poverty - correct answer ✅Proportion of the population living on less than US $1.90 per day Gross Domestic Product - correct answer ✅A measure that reflects the economic state of a country. The value of all goods and services produced in a country in a 12 month period Gender Equality - correct answer ✅More females are able to get an education and work, meaning they can get a high paying job can earn an income, purchase foods, improving immune health
Birth and Population Rates - correct answer ✅Access to contraception, choice in family planning, career choice, education, gender equality and culture contribute to this Education and Employment Levels - correct answer ✅People often have the choice about the level of education and the type of career they pursue Social Security Systems - correct answer ✅High levels of economic development and relatively stable political systems increase the ability of governments to provide social security payments for those in need Health Systems - correct answer ✅People usually have basic access to health when they need it regardless of their ability to pay Access to Technology - correct answer ✅Access to communication systems, the internet and medical technologies, can be used to assist countries in developing their economics, building trade opportunities, furthering education and treating ill health Legal Systems - correct answer ✅Unstable governments and political unrest increases risk of civil conflict, important for ensuring human rights are followed Safe Water and Sanitation - correct answer ✅Bringing safe water close to home and plumbing systems that removes human waste
Access to Safe Water - correct answer ✅Having to walk- contributes to the development of various muscoskeletal conditions Sanitation - correct answer ✅Provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces Access to Sanitation - correct answer ✅Cause of contaminated water supplies - increases rate of DALY from infectious disease like diarrhoea and cholera Relative Poverty - correct answer ✅Those living on less than 50% of their countries average income Discrimination - correct answer ✅When a person or group of people are treated differently than other people, often a result of factors such as race, religion, sex, sexual orientation or gender identity Racial Discrimination - correct answer ✅Results in social exclusion- effecting access to healthcare - leaving people to go untreated contributing to higher rated or mortality Religion Discrimination - correct answer ✅Results in increased rates of anxiety disorders, impacting life expectancy Sex Discrimination - correct answer ✅Girls are forced into marriage- usually withdraw from school- pregnant before body is ready- more likely to develop obstetric fistula- resulting in social exclusion effecting mental health and wellbeing
Sexual Orientation - correct answer ✅Discrimination based on the sex that an individual is sexually and romantically attracted to More likely to be subjected to physical beatings or assault Gender Identity - correct answer ✅Discrimination based ob how an individual perceives themselves, male, female a blend of both or neither Globalisation - correct answer ✅The process whereby boundaries between countries are reduced or eliminated, allowing individuals, groups and companies to act on a global scale Tobacco - correct answer ✅Lack of education- smoking- CVD- increase burden of disease in YLL Alcohol - correct answer ✅Lack of resources to educate people - liver disease - increased chance of contributing to mortality Processed Food - correct answer ✅Increasing incomes - energy dense foods increasing incidence of lifestyle disease like obesity, leading to morbidity Sustainability - correct answer ✅Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs Economic Sustainability - correct answer ✅Ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent
Environmental Sustainability - correct answer ✅Ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future Biodiversity - correct answer ✅The variety of all forms of life, the different plants, animals and micro-organisms, the genes they contain and the ecosystems of which they form apart Waste Removal and Pollution - correct answer ✅Maintaining clean ecosystems mean maintaining environmental sustainability Climate Change - correct answer ✅Increases stress as changing weather patterns cause sea levels to rise and threaten to flood homes Human Development - correct answer ✅Creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives to their needs and interests. Expanding peoples choices and enhancing capabilities, having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions that effect their lives Mean Years of Schooling - correct answer ✅The average number of years of education achieved by those aged 25 years and over Expected Years of Schooling - correct answer ✅Number of years of education expected for a child of entrance age
Advantages of HDI - correct answer ✅- Provides a single statistic
- Indicates the ability to access a decent standard of living Disadvantages of HDI - correct answer ✅- Data collection can be unreliable
- Based on averages only and does not show existing inequalities Global Trends - correct answer ✅Patterns of social, environmental and economic activity that will have an effect at some stage in the future and require action to be taken at a global level Conflict - correct answer ✅Bombings destroy infrastructure - people cant get an education - lowers literacy levels and ability to get a job and earn an income Mass Migration - correct answer ✅Forced to leave home - leaving family and friends - negatively impacting supportive network of friends World Trade - correct answer ✅Exchange of goods and services between countries Advantages of World Trade - correct answer ✅Increases the number of jobs and the quality - decreases poverty - allowing children to attend school giving them the skills to get job - improving self esteem
- 75% of the scheduled fee What Medicare doesn't cover - correct answer ✅- Private hospital care
- Dental examination
- Ambulance services
- Allied health services Patient Co-Payment - correct answer ✅The payment made by the consumer for health products or services in addition to the amount paid by the government Bulk-Billed - correct answer ✅When the doctor or the specialists charges only the schedule fee. The payment is claimed directly from Medicare so there are no out-of-pocket expenses for the patient Medicare Safety Net - correct answer ✅Provides extra financial assistance for those who have significant out-of-pocket costs for Medicare services Advantages of Medicare - correct answer ✅- Choice of doctor for out-of-hospital
- Available to all Australian citizens
- Covers test and examinations fees Disadvantages of Medicare - correct answer ✅- No choice of doctor for in-hospital treatments
- Waiting lists for many treatments
- Does not cover alternative therapies
- Often does not cover the full amount of a doctor's visit Medicare Levy - correct answer ✅An additional 2% tax placed on the taxable income of most taxpayers, those with a low income may be exempt from this Medicare Levy Surcharge - correct answer ✅People without private insurance earning more than a certain amount pay an extra 2% tax General Taxation - correct answer ✅Income from tax is used to help cover the remaining cost of healthcare Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme - correct answer ✅A federal government-funded scheme that subsidises the cost of a wide range of prescription medications, providing Australian's with access to necessary and cost-effective medicines at an affordable price PBS Safety Net - correct answer ✅If a person needs a lot of medication in any one year, once the threshold is reached, then the co-payments required are further reduced NDIS - correct answer ✅National insurance scheme that provided services and support for people with permanent, significant disabilities, and their families and carers
