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It may have been a while since you have played around with Vector Calculus and transport equations , this lecture will hopefully serve to jog your memory a bit! Vectors Recall that a vector is a kind of number that has both magnitude and direction. This kind of number is particularly useful in science. For example a train can travel at 90 MPH but if we don't know which direction , say east or west, it is moving we won't know where it ends up. The speed of the train would be the magnitude of the velocity vector and east or west it's direction Vectors are defined in terms of components, one in each direction of space. A vector between two points can be found by taking the "tip" minus the "tail" Let's find and draw the vector between the points (1,0,3) and (3,2,0)
Vector Addition and Multiplication. We add vectors component wise: Example add To multiply vectors we can use either the dot product or the cross product. Dot product: where n is the number of dimesions. Let's do a 3d example Let and find the dot product.
We can also have functions which are vectors. We call them vector functions. They look like Example: Let draw when (x,y,z)=(1,1,1) and (1,2,3) A vector function can also depend only on time. Let Sketch the graph.
Fields. What is a field? We will deal with two types main types of fields in this course, scalar fields and vector fields. Scalar field: A scalar field comes from a function which outputs a scalar value at a given point in space and time. The field itself can be thought of those scalars sitting at their respective points is space. For example the temperature in a room can be considered a scalar field, at each position in space in the room we associate a scalar number that represents the temperature of the room. Example: Draw the scalar field defined by the function
Derivatives of functions of several variables (partial derivatives) or the rate of change with respect to a particular variable. Let find
Vector Derivative of a scalar function of several variables ( Gradient ) is what we call an operator, when written to the left of a scalar function it tells us to create a vector made up of the partial derivatives of the function which it is operating on. The prescription for operating is given by or in notation Example: Let. Calculate the gradient of. Evaluate the gradient at the point (1,1) and sketch both f and its gradient vector. What does this gradient represent? What else can we use it for?
One very important idea we will need in this course is that of flux which cannot , sadly, be capacitated. :( What is flux? Mathematically, flux is a measure of how much a vector field passes through a surface in the normal(orthogonal) direction. That is: For its use in physical problems the flux measures the flow of some quantity, such as mass or heat, moving through an area per unit time. For example , we can define the mass flux. Where is a density and a velocity vector field. Incidentally, when flux is positive stuff is leaving the surface and when it is negative stuff is coming in. In 2D we would measure the flux through a line.
Your first quiz problem: Calculate the net mass flux through the annular region centered around the origin with inner radius 1 and outer radius 2 with the velocity vector field for a fluid of constant density.
The continuity equation
The continuity equation is extremely important in PDE's and is related to conserved quantities such as mass, heat and energy. It basically says that the time rate change of a conserved quantity in a volume V increases when more flows in through the boundary of that volume and decreases when u flows out through the boundary. Let's take mass as an example. Suppose we are interested in the time rate of change of the mass of oil with density through a section of pipe with of volume V. The flux of mass through the surface of the pipe would be given by Let's examine the units here: We might then suppose: Why the minus sign? Well recall that when flux is negative that means stuff is flowing in through the surface. When say, mass, flows in through a surface we would expect it to increase that means its derivative would be positive, thus we need the minus sign to obtain a positive time derivative. If mass is flowing out the flux is positive and in the same way, the minus sign ensures the derivative would be negative corresponding to decreasing mass. For most useful applications this integral relation is cumbersome and in most situations we use a differential form of the continuity equation which we can obtain from the divergence theorem. We will derive it on the next page but it reads Where is the flux field, in the above example , the mass flux field.
Derivation of the differential form of the continuity equation. We have that for a conserved quantity Now suppose that is the density of the quantity q. For example, If q is mass then. Then we can say: With this in mind we can say: Which means Now we apply the divergence theorem
Your second Quiz question Crude oil with a density of 850 is flowing through a pipeline with radius 0.5 meters. The velocity of the oil in the pipe is measured at 2m/s at the input and remains constant throughout its trip. a) Calculate the net flux of oil into and out of the pipe assuming no leaks: b) Suppose the flux at the end of the pipe is measured to be 1300. Does this imply we have a leak? If so, determine the rate at which oil is leaking from the pipe.
