Download Verb and adjective complement dauses and more Schemes and Mind Maps French Language in PDF only on Docsity!
Verb and adjective
complement dauses
Types and positions of complement
clauses
Exercise 1: ldentifying the controlling element. type. and
position of complement dauses
The different kinds of complement cıause have three major characteristics: (a) controlling element: verbor adjective
(b) structural type: finite (that-dause, wh-dause) or non-finite (to-clause, ing-dause,
ed-dause) (c) position: subject, post -predicate (induding subject predicative, direct object, and adjective complement functions), extraposed.
- Underiine all complement dauses in the sentences below. lnclude embedded complement clauses.
- ldentify the grammatkal category of the controlling element, the structural type of complement dause, and its position/function.
1 McCurry said that Clinton would not 'get int o a mud-wrestling contest'. (NEwsı coıt..f-rolli~tq e. le.M e. ıt..f- " ve.rb csaid'ı 1 ..f-':jpe. , ..Ç;~ti..f-e. , ..f-lı.t{..f--clause. 1 posi..f-io~t " pos..f--pre.Jic.a-te., Jire.c..f- o~e.d
2 Before cancer weakened him, he hoped to move back to Monroe. (NEwsı
3 This is where they dean the planes. cc oNV)
4 Maybe Judy will stop tatking to him, too. (CONV)
5 ı thin k she's happy that 1 really got a lot done in the last couple of days. (CONV)
6 ı wonder what he meant by that. We're slowly beginning to see what he meant by
that. (CONV)
7 lt's amazing that only three hundred died. ccoNV)
8 Po li ce sources said that X-rays of the five bom bs appear to show the same blasting
caps and detonation pins. (NEwsı
9 That the ending ca me almost in the dark was fitting. ( NEwsı
10 lt's hard to believe how one human mi nd could have created them. ccoNV)
74 Chapter 10 Verb and adjeetive complement clauses
That-clauses
Exercise 2: Analyzing embedded that-dauses
That-dauses are often embedded in higher-level structures, and several different that-
dauses can occur in a single sentence. Such embedding is found in both conversatton and written registers.
- Undertine the controlling elements of all that complement ctauses in the sentences.
below. (Remember that the complementizer that can be omitted.)
- For each clause, identify the grammatkal category of the controlling element, the
beginning and ending words of the that-clause, and the position/function of the that-
ciause (for post-predicate dauses identify the function: direct object, subject predicative, or adjective complement).
1 ı think that everybody understands that we want to have a debate. (NEws) 1-hil\t " ve.rb; 1-h.:::ı+ e.ve. rtıboc:l':j ... c:le.b.:::ı+e. ı posi-!-iol/+ul\c..fiol\ "' pos-!--pre.c:lic..:::ı+e., c:lire.c.+ obje.c.+ ul\c:le.rs.f.:::ıl\c:IS "' ve.rb; 1-h.:::ı + t<Je. t<Jt:ıl\1- ... c:le. b.:::ı+e. ı po si+iol\1-fMc.+iol\ "' pos+-pre.c:lic..:::ı+e., c:lire.c.+ a~je.c.+ 2 After a phone conversation with Clinton, Nixon thinks that it's strange and meaningful that 'he never brought up Hillary'. (NEWS)
3 What ı·m saying is that ı·m sure that ı was told at least once in person. (CONV)
4 He reminded jurors that a wardrobe stylist testified that she gave Simpson a black cotton sweatsuit. (NEWS)
5 Behe argues that it is inconceivable that the cascade could have evolved from some simpler form with fewer steps. (ACAD)
6 'People lost a fortune in the se three years', he said, adding that it w as strange that such enormous losses have gone little noticed. (NEWS)
7 You know that we would make su re that the students understood that the re would be a full time commitment. (CONV)
8 Well ı guess she knows that ı need a ride to my car. (CONV)
9 The cops and the DA would not accept that it was plausible that they had the wrong guy. (NEWS)
76 Chapter 10 Verb and adjectlve complement cleuses
2 ı think l'm the only person who doesn't have it. (CO NV)
3 ı thin k she should just be happy that my mess isn't sp iliing out of my room. (CONV)
4 Mr. Gorbachev agreed that the NATO and the Warsaw Pact would be maintained
and that the transatlantic members of the Western Alliance-the U.S. and Canada- would play a vital role in the comman European home. (NEwsı
5 But ı find this really odd because Lucy told me that Cynthia told her that you know
that it really wasn't appropriate for her to be staying with us. (CONV)
6 Western leaders were convinced that NATO's steadfastness had been crucial in
bringing the communist blocin from the cold. (NEwsı
7 The second U.S. reaction was to reassure the West Germans that Washington was
happy to leave the details in Bonn's hands. (NEWS)
8 He said he lost his hair from taking showers all the time. (CONV)
Wh-clauses
Exercise 5: Wh-clauses as dependent interrogative dauses v.
no minal relative dauses
Wh-complement dauses have two main functions: dependent interrogative dauses and nominal relative dauses.
- Circle the controlling elements of all wh-complement dauses in the sentences below. Underiine the wh-clauses.
- For each clause, identify the grammatical category of the controlling element, and the position and the function of the wh-dause.
1 'The last time my people had full employment ~ when they were in slavery,' he
prodaims in addressing acute black teen unemployment. (NEW S) co ıt.f-rolliıtq e. le.ru.e.ıt.f- "' ve.rb; .wh-c.ltltlSe. " ıtoM iıtal re.la.f-ive., St~~e.c.f- çıre.d ic.a.f-ive. posi.f- iOil
2 What this namination shows is that any story can work. (NEWS)
3 Well, ı wonder why Aunt lrene said that. (CON V)
4 If you know that, you usually know where it is going and what the purpose of it is.
(NEWS)
5 lt is not clear how the question will be resolved. (NEWS)
6 That's what 1 remember hearing-that's why 1 asked how they were doing, cause ı remember that you kept buying fish. (coNV)
7 So that's how 1 know that that's where they were going. (coNV)
8 He's in a meeting and l'm not su re when he'll be back. (CO NV)
Meanings of post-predlcate to-clauses controlled by verbs 77
c~~~n~_ ~ar Bite ~- - - ·- ·-·· .. ___ ___ ----- --- -···-- - ·· --·--·-... .. .- ---···---
Post-predicate to-clauses
Exercise 6: Grammalical patterns of post-predicate to-clauses
There are five major grammatical patterns for post-predicate infinitive dauses following a ver b:
Pattern 1: verb + to-clause
Pattern 2: verb +NP+ to-clause or Pattern 2P: passive verb + to-clause
Pattern 3: verb +fo r NP+ to - clause
Pattern 4: verb + bare infinitive ciause Pattern 5: verb + NP+ bare infın itive ciause
- Underiine all verb + post-predicate infinitive dauses in the sentences below.
- ldentify the grammatkal pattern of ea ch clause.
1 ı had told Mr. Angullas-Villanueva ı needed to speak to him on an utterly confidential basis and asked him to meet me in a quiet, out-of-the-way place. ( Fı cn ı~. u.Jul .f-o Spe.~k ... "" P~.f-.f-e. r'll. l ı ~skul kiM -to 1\.U.f- ... " P~ He. r'ı\ 1. 2 The Tuolumne River near Modesto was expected to top 68 feet early Saturday morning. (NEWSl
3 1 saw him bleed onçe. ccoNV)
4 ı would likefor you to come out to the garage and taık to me. ccoNV)
5 '1 asked them how would you really like to train these people for real conditions,
pressure and battle condition s,' Scott said. 'So some things in the film cross the line really into areas that th ey probably would like to go into and found to be too stringent. ı•m not saying SEAL training is easy, but in certain aspects it probably doesn't go as far as we wanted to go .' (N Ew sı
Exercise 7: Meanings of post-predicate to-clauses controlled by
verbs
There are several different aspects of meaning to be considered for post-predicate to-
clauses control! ed by verbs. First, the controlling verb can come from ten different sernantic domains: speech act, other communication, cognition, perception, desire, intention/decision, effort, modality/ ca usation, aspectual verbs, probability. In addition, the logkal subject of the to-clause can correspond to different elements in the main clause: the main-etause subject , the main-ciause object, or some other referent.
- Underiine all verb + post-predicate infinitive ciause structures i n the sentences below.
- ldentify the sernantic domain of the ver b.
- ldentify the reterence of the logkal subject of the to-c la use.
1 He wanted me to telephone you at once and as k you to come to Dan zig. He offered to find a translator for your essay. ( F ı crı w~ ı~.+ " Je. sire. , St~ ~e.c.-t = ı Ci .e.. ı -te. ı e.pkol\ e. ... ); ~ sk = spe.e.c.k ~c+, S te.c + " tjot~ Ci. e.. tjot~ coMe. ... ); o++e.re.J " spe.e.c. k ~ c.+ or iı~..f-e. ı~. .f- io ı~., St e.c + " k e. Ci.e. k e. + iı~. Js ... )
lng-forms In complement clauses v. other grammalical uses 79
8 lt's a big white notebook -lt's pretty easy to re ad and understand. (coNv)
9 The test was expensive to produce. (ACA D)
10 lt is possible to love, and to aid thy neighbor, without state intervention. (NEWS)
Exercise 9: Describing the discourse functions of subject
to-clauses
Subject to-clauses mark the information in the to-clause as being topical and provide a direct anaphoric link to the preceding discourse. Subject to-clauses are sametimes used in sequences to present a topical progression of ideas.
- Undertine the subject to-clauses in the passage below.
- Deseribe how the se structures help to establish the topical organization of this passage.
NEWS Vet in all these randam examples, which are each dimensions of the new Europe, it wouldn't occur to the participants for one second that they are being European. To expect Europeto become a single warm cultural bathis simply to mistake the nature of the European, and indeed any other, identity. To be European in France is to think globally about a French-led political Europe which will challenge the power of ]apan and America. But to be European in Lithuania or Scottand is to assert your nationality and the w i sh to get Moscow or London off your back. To be European in ltaly isa logical extension of what is already assumed to be one's natural multiple identity within a family, a city, a region and a nation. And to be European in southern England is to make a political statement against Thatcherism, philistinism, and English insularity.
41:Grammar_B_._•te__F_________________________________
lng-clauses, ellipsis/substitution, and
rev1ew
Exercise 10: /ng-forms in complement dauses v. other
grammatkal uses
In addition to their useasa verb/adjective complement clause, ing -dauses have other uses, including adverbial ciause and noun postmodifier. In addition, ing·forms function as main verbs (with the progressive aspect), adjectives, nouns, and as part of multi-word combinations (e.g. the serni-modal be going to).
- Undertine all ing -forms in the sentences below.
- For each occurrence, identify the grammatkal use of the ing-form.
- lf the ing-form is used to initiate a dependent cia use, identify the function of that cia use.
- For ing-complement clauses, identify the controlling verb/adjective and the position.
ı In my heart 1 know it's not feelings for Ed that l'm just g!yjng to Leo-but then ı
remember hearing things about him. (coNv) +u li"qS "' ıtourt; ~ "' rv.aiıt ve.rb; ~"' c011tple.ıı.ıe.ı~..f clause., diru.f- ~u.f- o+ re.r\le.l\l.be.r
80 Chapter 10 Verb and adjactive complement clausas
2 Yeah. ı swear the plane kept stalling on the runway. You know like when you're trying to start your tractor, or your lawnmower? (CONV)
3 The Trinet system, when complete, will augment and speed up the existing system run by Caltech and the Geological Survey, which is now capable of recording only limited information on shaking. (NEWS)
4 'Can you imagine how ı love hearing you say that?' •ı have no photograph of you. Sametimes ı can't remember what you look like, do you mind my saying it?' (Fıcn
5 Vet anather group of treasure hunters is active on Mount Trumbull in the Arizona
Strip, probing caves supposedly found by a Utah man. But the notian of buried treasure inArizona is not crazy. Thybony says a German tourist recently turned up in Flagstaff with a pewter box containing Span is h coins from the 1540s. CNEwsı
Exercise 11: Ellipsis and substitution
Each of the fallawing examples contains ellipsis or substitution with a post-predicate complement clause.
- Put an omission sign (")where the ellipsis occurs or underiine the substitution.
- ıdentify the type of complement clause: that, to, or wh-.
- Teli the type of ellipsis or substitution: (a) ciause omitted but complementizer retained (b) ciause and complementizer omitted (c) substitution with so
(d) substitution with not.
- Write out the full form of the complement clause.
ı A: Yeah, but- just- just locking at the statistics, ı mean, nine out of ten c ha nce he'll be back in there [prison] within two years. B: Yeah, ı hope not though. ccoNV) ·Hıa+-cı.:ws e. wi·Hı 'ıw+' subs +ih·hoıı.; .çuıı +o~ "' \ hope. +ha+ he. wıll ıı.o+ b e. bac.k iıı. 1-he.re. wi+hiıı. 1-t<Jo l1e.ars. 2 You going to share or don't you want to? ccoNV)
3 A: Um are you supposed to try to talk to them or anything? B: No ı don't think so. ı thin k you're supposed to thinkabout yourself. ccm..ıvı
4 We are having a litter of bunny babies < ... > They always have them at night. ı
don't know why. (c oNV)
5 ı mean ı tried to rescue him. You'li see later as, as we go along, you'li see how ı tried to but he, he just fought me all the way. cc oNV)
6 A: She tendered her resignation. B: Yeah, ı know, she told me on Monday. (CONV)
82 Chapter 10 Verb and adjective complement clauses
ACADEMIC PROS.E
Sawer (1977: 62) contends that Marx did not really regard the bureaucratic elite of
Asiatic society asa ruling class per se. He is 'careful to deseribe the bureaucratic elite as assuming the functions of a ruling class rather than actually be ing a ruling class .. .' French Marxists have alsa tended to view the AMP asa transition between the primitive communal mode and modes present in state formations. Conversely, Melotti, in dt ing Marx's assertian that the state is 'the organ of class rule', rejects the notian that Asiatic society is not a true class society. Marx himself may have minimized the presence of social dasses in the Asiatic society by emphasizing the supposed existence of primitive economic egalitarianism initsrural communiti-es. Particularly in his discussion of lndian villages, it appears that Marx overlooked the caste system that dictated much of daily life. This \ast point is particularly well illustrated in the case of 19th century Mormonism. General Authorities were able to draw upon general funds for travel·s and derical expenses. lt is important, however, to note that the appropriation of tithes was not generally viewed asa coercive practice. According to Leone, Mormonism was able to develop into a 'genuine theocracy' primarily because everybody believed in the same version of the su pernaturaL This observation supports Godelier's cantention that 'in religion, we find the foundation of a non-violent form ofviolence.' lt should be noted, however, that the hegemony of Morman ideology was never complete as is apparent from the emergence of va rio us schismatic sects. Joseph Morı:is, who spoke out several times against what he regarded as the excessive materialism, gathered about 500 fallawers near Ogden, Utah.
Exercise 13: Sentences for additional practice and
diagramming
1 There's so many things that 1 know 1 want to learn. (CONV) 2 The leader's gunshot wounds are taking their toll, complicating efforts to persuade him to surrender. (NEwsı 3 1 know that was a horrible thing to say. (CONV) 4 No one has been able to come up with a product as easy to market as opium. (NEwsı
5 She expected me to teli her why ı left the room to run after the waiter. (Fıcrı
6 Many writers would consider the constructions deseribed above to be non- standard. (ACAD) 7 Our offering the best deal we can is something which 1 thinkasa committee we should be in complete agreement with. ccoNvı 8 lt may not be easy to check that the conditions are satisfıed. (ACAD) 9 He paused to give the jury a chance to consider the circumstances surraunding the murder. (NEwsı 10 In Stage 2, learners should be trying to list words which others are unlikely to know. (ACADl
