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Vertebrate Evolution and Characteristics, Exams of Animal Biology

Virginia State University (VSU)Animal Biology

A comprehensive overview of the key concepts and characteristics related to vertebrate evolution. It covers topics such as bilateral symmetry, the notochord, the nervous system, and the development of various vertebrate features like gills, bone, and jaws. The evolutionary relationships between different vertebrate groups, including the transition from invertebrates to vertebrates, the emergence of major vertebrate lineages, and the adaptations that allowed vertebrates to thrive in diverse environments. It also delves into the classification and systematics of vertebrates, discussing concepts like monophyletic and polyphyletic groups, derived and ancestral character states, and the significance of fossil evidence in understanding vertebrate evolution. Overall, this document offers a detailed and insightful exploration of the fascinating world of vertebrate biology and the evolutionary processes that have shaped this diverse group of organisms.

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Biol 385 Midterm Exam Questions with Answers

1. All vertebrates have symmetry. What does this

symmetry mean?: -

bilateral; two side of body is the same

2.What is the opposite of bilateral symmetry?: radial symmetry

3.How do bilateral organisms differ from radial organisms?: bilateral are

more movement orientated and fast

4.What are the regions of a bilateral body?: front, back, top , bottom

5.What does the front/cephalic/anterior region house?: brain and

structures associated w the mouth

6.Do all vertebrates have bone?: no

7.Do all vertebrates have s structure that surrounds the brain?: yes

8.Do all vertebrates have a vertebral column? What would be a better

name for vertebrates?: no; craniata

9.What is the name of the neck region that all vertebrates have? What

is defined in this region?: branchial region - breathing apparatus

10.What is the trunk?: main body - house main organs

11.What is the tail made of in vertebrates? What is it referred to as?:

skeletal muscle; post anal tail

Discover Exams of Animal Biology Virginia State University (VSU)

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Biol 385 Midterm Exam Questions with Answers

1. All vertebrates have symmetry. What does this symmetry mean?: - bilateral; two side of body is the same

What is the opposite of bilateral symmetry?: radial symmetry
How do bilateral organisms differ from radial organisms?: bilateral are more movement orientated and fast
What are the regions of a bilateral body?: front, back, top , bottom
What does the front/cephalic/anterior region house?: brain and structures associated w the mouth
Do all vertebrates have bone?: no
Do all vertebrates have s structure that surrounds the brain?: yes
Do all vertebrates have a vertebral column? What would be a better name for vertebrates?: no; craniata
What is the name of the neck region that all vertebrates have? What is defined in this region?: branchial region - breathing apparatus
What is the trunk?: main body - house main organs
What is the tail made of in vertebrates? What is it referred to as?: skeletal muscle; post anal tail

What are the 4 characteristics that are crucial to have in order for an organisms to be a vertebrate?: 1. notochord 2.gills (pharyngeal gill slits) 3.regions differentiation (post anal tail) 4.nervous system
When do humans have gills?: as an embryo
WHAT are gills?: series of ouches, slits, and clefts in anterior part of digestive system
How do gills differ btwn invertebrates and vertebrates?: invertebrates they are feathery projections, vertebrates they are internal
The term chordate comes form what?: having a notochord
What is the notochord?: flexible rod that extends from head to tail - has been replaced as vertebral column in many vertebrates
What is the purpose of the notochord?: allows chordate to move, tends to be more flexible than vertebral column
What is the remnants of the notochord in our vertebral column?: gelatinous discs btwn vertebrae
What is the nerve cord?: hollow, fluid filled tube - anterior end is expanded to form a brain

Vertebrates are a subgroup of what: chordata
What is systematics?: aspect of classification where we determine the history of groups of organisms
What is anagenesis?: species formation without branching of the evolutionary line of descent.
What is cladogenesis?: branching of a phylogeny tree and a new group arises
What is ancestral vs derived?: ancestral - traits have not changed over a period of time derived- traits are newer
What is pleiomorphic?: ancestral character state (ex: having 5 digits)
What is apomorophic?: derived character state (ex: horses have one digit which is newer than our 5)
What is Sympleisiomorphic: number of species that share the ancestral char- acter state
What is Synapomorphic?: group of species that all share derived character state
What is taxon?: Taxon - species or group (singular) ex: Felidae
What is higher taxa?: above the order of species such as Genera,

family, order, ect

What is monophyletic vs polyphyletic?: mono- comes from a single common ancestor poly - comes from multiple common ancestors
What is a phenogram?: built based on similarity between things. This often reflects evolutionary history but not always
What is a cladogram?: should show the evolutionary relationships between organisms and this is what the purpose of classification is. Regardless of similarity and differences
What are homologous characteristics?: evolved from common ancestor ex: we evolved 5 digits from those fish like things that crawled out of the water (origin)
What is homoplasy?: when characteristic can look similar but have evolved independently ex: flying squirrels and a marsupial in Australia do the exact same thing but these two have evolved independently but the function is the same (look)
What is analogy?: similar function but evolve separately
What is convergent evolution?: independent groups have evolved similar traits

What is the evidence against annelids being the ancestor to chordates (4)?: - segmentation is complete but chordates is partial

nerve chord is solid
no gills
the inversion idea seems farfetched

What group is shown in cladograms to be the closest relative to chor- dates?: echinoderms
What do echinoderms and chordates have in common? (4): 1. deuteros- tomes 2.similar mouth and sensory cilia 3.blood serum proteins 4.locomotion
Why are hemichordates NOT chordates?: they have a stomochord (analo- gous to notochord)
What is the very first chordate called and when was it alive?: Pikaia 540 mill years ago
How did our ancestor live?: - sessile bottom dweller

eating food by out stretched arms

How did we go from a sessile bottom dweller to active vertebrate?:

paedo- morphosis: thought these bottom dwellers had an active larvae - possible the larvae reproduced in the larval from

Why do we think Amphioxus, a cephalochordate, is the closest relative to vertebrates? (8): - all 4 chordate features

segmented musculature
diverticulum in liver
closed circulatory system
ventral heart
roots from NS that come off notochord
looks like a fish
active

What is the evidence against amphixous being the closest relative to vertebrates? (8): - no distinct head and segmented body

notochord extend to very anterior part of body (where brain should be)
no proper brain
no similar sense organs
no distinct kidney
no atrium
many more gill slits

by the end of this era virtually all jawless fish were gone

What occurred in the carboniferous?: - forests were buried and covered

first lamprey fossil was found

What occured in the permian?: - possible birds

direct mammal ancestors (synapsids) -after this era was the largest extinction event ever

What occurred in the mesozoic?: - age of reptiles

flowering plant
dinos
first mammals
birds

What occured in the tertiary?: mammals exploded and dinos were gone
The skin accounts for how much body mass?: 20%
What is the proper word for skin?: integument
What is the main function of skin?: protection
What are the two major parts of the skin?: epidermis (surface, thin) and dermis (deeper, thick)
What are some functions of the skin (5)?: - protection

prevent or enable movement of solutes

pigment/colouration for communication
glands
remove waste

What part of the skin tends to be the reinforcing part and which tends to be the functional part?: dermis - reinforcing epidermis - functional
What are some dermal elements?: scales and bones
What is pigment in skin for?: absorb harmful UV light
What is hair, feathers, and fat important for?: insulation
The cellular material of the epidermis is derived from what?: embryonic ectoderm
The skin is permeable in aquatic organisms which makes it a organ.: respiratory
can respiration happen in dermis?: no its too thick
Why is keratin important in terrestrial vertebrates?: it is a water proof protein
Feathers have evolved from what?: reptile scales
What are 2 functions of featherss?: flight and insulation
What was the ancestral use of keratin in nails and hooves?: as claws at

104. In every vertebrate class there are glands derived from which tissue?: - embryonic ectoderm

What are photophores?: glands that generate light
How can light be made in the glands?: reaction with microbes that the animal houses in those glands or can be chemical oxidation
What is the purpose of glandular glands in amphibians?: produce poisons
What are the preen glands on birds?: secretes oily substance they put on feathers
Mammals are named for which gland?: mammary glands
What do sweat glands do?: - secrete waste

evaporation of the liquid helps us cool

Which organisms have the fewest glands?: aquatic mammals
Dermis is composed of what itssue?: embryonic mesoderm
How is the dermis made on the join vs areas where there are lots of friction?: joints- thin, elastic, loose friction - thick, firm, immobile
What does the basement membrane do?: welds epidermis and

dermis to- gether

What is the hypodermis?: subcutaneous layer
What fibers does the hypodermis have?: elastic and collagen
Notochord is analogous to what?: vertebral column in most vertebrates
Most vertebrates the notochord is horizontal or vertical?: horizontal
What are characteristics of the notochord? (3): - prevents body for telescop- ing

allows for muscle attaching
tends to be not as brittle, strong, or flexible as vertebral column

What tissue is connective tissue derived from?: embryonic mesoderm
What are the two types of connective tissue?: areolar and compact
What is areolar connective tissue?: - has collagen and elastic fibers

found in organs close to skin bc it connects things

What is compact connective tissue?: - dense and strong

tendons and ligaments
blood and adipose tissue

Is cartilage and bone living?: yes
Does bone have many elastic fibers?: no
What is the calcium element that makes bones hard?: hydroxy apatite
When cells are forming bone what are they called?: osteoblasts
Does bone have blood vessels?: yes
What is bone important for?: storage of minerals
What is the outside and inside of bone made of?: outside- compact bone inside - spongey bone
Osteoblast cells arise from what tissue?: mesenchyme
What is the name for the 2 ways bone can form?: dermal and endochondrial
Explain dermal formation of bone:: - bone from directly from mesenchyme

plates can expand at edges and are thickened in successive layers

Which parts of vertebrates are made of dermal bone?: - fish: entire body including scales

terrestrial vertebrates: some in skull, jaw and shoulder girdle

Explain endochondrial bone formation:: - adult replacement of

embryo and juvenile cartilage

long bone start as cartilage and that gets replaced w bone
cartilage undergoes modification and degeneration and cells swell
osteoblasts break in
ossification happens to lengthen the bone

Are sharks primitive?: no they came from ancestors that had bone and they reverted back to cartilage
What is the epiphyseal region ?: growing point of the cartilage in endochon- driall bone
Why do we have to go through all the cartilage steps to get to bone?: Need cartilage to work as skeletal elements as your bone is forming and developing. If you were born a small baby with bone you would not be able to grow and get any bigger
What are two types of dermal endoskeleton?: somatic and visceral
What are two types of somatic skeletal elements?: appendicular and axial
What bones does the axial skeleton include?: skull, ribs, vertebrates col- umn, and tail
In most living vertebrates, are there dermal bone in parts of the

ctenoid, gar fish - ganoid

Which terrestrial vertebrates still have major dermal armour on the out- side>: armadillos
Horny = ?: keratin
What is the turtle shell made of?: dermal bone with keratin covering
Notochord has been replaced by what?: endoskeleton boone
What does the verterbral column protect? IS the notochord protected in ancestral animals?: protects the dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord is not protected
What are the two parts that make up the vertebral column?: centrum and neural arch
WHERE does the dorsal hollow nerve cord sit w regard to the centrum and neural arch?: sits in a dip in the centrum and neural arch is on top of nerve cord in contact w centrum
How are the neural arch and centrum connected and what is this site important for?: connected via ligaments and muscles - can be site of attachement of ribs
The centrum replaces what?: notochord

Does the neural arch differ in vertebrate groups?: no
Does the centrum differ in vertebral groups?: more ventral in reptiles, birds, and mammals - got larger as well
In many fish and snakes where are there ribs?: on virtually every vertebrae from head to tail
The cervical part of vertebrate ribs can differ via how?: little amount of ribs, no ribs, or present ribs
Is the cranium always made of bone?: no
What are 4 major regions of the brain case from post to anterior?: 1. foramen magnum 2.otic regiion 3.orbital region 4.ethmoidd region
What passes through foramen magnum?: dorssal hollow nerve cord
What is in the ethmoid region?: nasal cavities and rostrum
What are 2 principle things that develop in the cranium found on the floor of the brain case?: parachordal and trabecula
Trabecula are found on the of cranium

Vertebrate Evolution and Characteristics, Exams of Animal Biology

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Download Vertebrate Evolution and Characteristics and more Exams Animal Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

Biol 385 Midterm Exam Questions with Answers