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Virology Final Test Graded A, Exams of Virology

Chamberlain College of NursingVirology

Viruses are [term] intracellular parasites - Obligate Are viruses living or non-living? - Non-living What do viruses use to replicate? - A host Virus orders ending in: - -virales Virus families ending in: Virus subfamilies ending in: - -viridae -virinae Genera of viruses ending in: - virus There are 5560 species of viruses that are problematic and therefore are often [term] - Polythetic Molecular sibiling - Polythetic Protein coats that enclose and protect their nucleic acid - Capsids Complex Viruses have a... - "capsid-like" dense layer of lipoproteins instead Protein building blocks of capsid - Capsomers

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Virology Final Test Graded A
Viruses are [term] intracellular parasites - Obligate
Are viruses living or non-living? - Non-living
What do viruses use to replicate? - A host
Virus orders ending in: - -virales
Virus families ending in:
Virus subfamilies ending in: - -viridae
-virinae
Genera of viruses ending in: - virus
There are 5560 species of viruses that are problematic and therefore are often [term] -
Polythetic
Molecular sibiling - Polythetic
Protein coats that enclose and protect their nucleic acid - Capsids
Complex Viruses have a... - "capsid-like" dense layer of lipoproteins instead
Protein building blocks of capsid - Capsomers
Capsid together with the nucleic acid - Nucleocapsid
External covering of virus - envelope
Virus lacking an envelope are called - Naked
Protects the nucleic acid and assists in attachment - Capsomers
How are viral envelopes acquired? - As the virus leaves the host cell
Attachment proteins on the outside of the envelope - spikes
DNA viruses are usually double stranded or single stranded? - Double stranded
RNA viruses are usually double stranded or single stranded? - Single stranded
ssRNA ready for translation - positive-sense RNA
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Virology Final Test Graded A

Viruses are [term] intracellular parasites - Obligate Are viruses living or non-living? - Non-living What do viruses use to replicate? - A host Virus orders ending in: - - virales Virus families ending in: Virus subfamilies ending in: - - viridae

  • virinae Genera of viruses ending in: - virus There are 5560 species of viruses that are problematic and therefore are often [term] - Polythetic Molecular sibiling - Polythetic Protein coats that enclose and protect their nucleic acid - Capsids Complex Viruses have a... - "capsid-like" dense layer of lipoproteins instead Protein building blocks of capsid - Capsomers Capsid together with the nucleic acid - Nucleocapsid External covering of virus - envelope Virus lacking an envelope are called - Naked Protects the nucleic acid and assists in attachment - Capsomers How are viral envelopes acquired? - As the virus leaves the host cell Attachment proteins on the outside of the envelope - spikes DNA viruses are usually double stranded or single stranded? - Double stranded RNA viruses are usually double stranded or single stranded? - Single stranded ssRNA ready for translation - positive-sense RNA

ssRNA that needs conversion - negative-sense RNA Preformed-enzymes may be present (3) - 1. polymerases - DNA or RNA

  1. replicases - copy RNA
  2. reverse transcriptase - DNA from RNA Virus Life Cycle 6 Steps - 1. Attachment (adsorption)
  3. Penetration
  4. Uncoating
  5. Biosynthesis of Virus
  6. Maturation
  7. Release Attachment step in viral life cycle involves: (3) - Spikes, capsid, envelopes What viral life cycle step? Phagocytosis (endocytosis), Nucleic acid injection, Membrane fusion - Penetration What viral life cycle step? Removal of the viral capsid, release of nucleic acid - Uncoating What viral life cycle step? Process varies, dependent on nucleic acid type - Biosynthesis of virus What life cycle step? Assembly of viral particles - Maturation What life cycle step? Lytic or budding - Release Another name for Attachment step - Adsorption Virus adsorbs specifically to receptor sites on the membrane Enveloped viruses: ___ ___ Naked Viruses: ___ ___ - Enveloped viruses: Envelope proteins Naked Viruses: Capsid Proteins Spectrum of cells a virus can infect - Host range Tissue specificity - Tropism Replication and Protein Production of DNA viruses: Host cell nucleus or cytoplasm? - Nucleus Replication and Protein Production of RNA viruses: Host cell nucleus or cytoplasm? - cytoplasm A Retrovirus involves... - Reverse Transcriptase
  1. ___ enveloped ___ dsDNA
  2. Replicates within ___ - 1. Large, icosahedral
  3. nucleus 8 Herpesvirues - 1. HSV- 1
  4. HSV- 2
  5. VZV
  6. CMV
  7. EBV
  8. HHV6 (Roseola)
  9. HHV
  10. HHV Oropharyngeal lesions on the oropharynx; Cold sores, fever blisters - HSV- 1 Oral and genital lesions - HSV- 2 HSV multiples in __ __ and moves to the ___ - sensory neurons, ganglia Most common recurrent infection of HSV-1. Vesicles occur on lips or adjacent. Lesion crusts over in 2-3 days, heals - Herpes labialis HSV-1 infection: Oropharynx in young children; fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes
  • Herpetic gingivostomatitis HSV-1 infection: Inflammation of eye; conjunctivitis; sensitivity to light - Herpetic keratitis Bilateral swelling and tenderness in the groin. Clusters of sensitive vesicles on the genitalia, perneum and buttocks. Urethritis, dysuria, cervicitis, vesicles ulcerate. Recurrence less severe, triggered by stress - HSV-2 (Genital Herpes) Herpes of the Newborn - HSV-1 and HSV- 2 HSV-1 or HSV-2 can penetrate a break in the skin and cause a localized infection; usually on one finger; extremely painful and itchy - Herpetic whitlow Rare complication but most common sporadic form of viral encephalitis in the U.S. Those with underlying immunodeficiency are prone to severe, disseminated herpes - HSV-1 encephalitis HSV contain what kind of cells? (At the base of lesions) - Giant cells The only natural host for VZV - Humans VZV Transmission and incubation - Respiratory droplets and contact; 2 weeks

VZV primary infection is... - chicken pox VZV enters ___ and remains ___ - neurons; latent Later, reactivation of VZV results in ___ with ___ ___ to ___ ___ - shingles; vesicles localized; distinctive areas Is there a live attenuated vaccine for chickenpox and shingles? - Yes This virus produces giant cells with nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions. It is transmitted in saliva, respiratory mucus, breast milk, urine, semen, cervical secretions. Commonly latent in various tissues - CMV What virus? Asymptomatic to minor infections - resembles mononucleosis - CMV Preferred testing of CMV - NAAT and antibody testing Preferred testing for VZV - NAAT and Antigen testing Preferred testing for HSV - NAAT A virus structure contains (3) - nucleic acid core, protein coat, envelope A naked virus structure contains - nucleic acid core, protein coat (no envelope) Susceptibility to environment (Virus or Naked Virus)

  1. very resistant to the environment
  2. very susceptible to drying and destruction - 1) Naked virus
  3. Virus (Virus or Naked Virus?) Transmission: Direct contact: Respiratory, sexual, or parenteral contact - Virus (Virus or Naked Virus?) Transmission: Fecal-oral route - Naked virus Why Molecular Assays for CMV? Give 3 reasons - 1. Initiation of preemptive therapy
  1. Diagnosis of active disease
  2. Monitoring response to therapy What Virus? Ubiquitous; lymphoid tissue and salivary glands; direct or oral contact; college-age population is vulnerable to infection; by mid-life, 90-95% of all people are infected - EBV Virus that causes infectious mononucleosis - EBV

Transmission of HBV - Contact with infectious blood/body fluids In HBV, infection can also be chronic, what may reappear in serum if reactivated? - Anti-HBcAg IgM In HBV, what can be seen in active replication (2) - HBeAg or HBV DNA Is there a cure to treat HBV? - No (can reduce viral replication) HBV vaccine utilizes recombinant ___ - HBsAg Post vaccination testing of HBV:

  1. Detects ___ ___
  2. - ___ after __ dose of vaccine - 1. protective titers
  3. 1-2 months 3rd dose HBV co-infection with - HDV Parvoviruses are
  4. Enveloped or Non-enveloped 2. DNA or RNA - 1. non-enveloped
  5. DNA Papillomaviruses are
  6. Enveloped or Non-enveloped 2. DNA or RNA - 1. non-enveloped
  7. DNA Squamous epithelial growth, wart, or verruca - Papilloma What virus? Transmissible through direct contact or contaminated fomites; incubation- 2 weeks to more than a year; Most common warts regress over time; warts can recur - HPV In HPV, warts can be removed by direct chemical application of ___ and physical removal by ___, ___ or ___ ___ - podophyllin, cauterization, freezing, laser surgery Types of HPV warts (3) - 1. common seed warts
  8. plantar warts
  9. genital warts What type of HPV wart? Painless, elevated, rough growth; on fingers, etc. - Common seed warts What type of HPV wart? Deep, painful; on soles of feet - Plantar warts

What type of HPV wart? Most common STD in US; morphology ranges from tiny, flat, inconspicuous bumps to extensive, branching, cauliflower-like masses - Genital warts How many types of HPV types that increase risk for developing reproductive cancer? - 9 What 2 types of HPV account for 70% of metastatic tumors? - Type 16 and Type 18 HPV contain what type of cell? - Koilocyte HPV vaccine is a recombinant vaccine based upon viral ___ ___ - surface receptors Is Parvovirus

  1. Non-enveloped or enveloped
  2. ssDNA or dsDNA - 1. non-enveloped
  3. ssDNA This virus causes distemper in cats, enteric disease in dogs, fatal cardiac infection in puppies; few cause infections in humans - Parvovirus Erythema infectiosum (5th disease) is caused by what virus? - Parvovirus B What virus causes these symptoms? Children may have fever and rash on cheeks. Severe fatal anemia can result if pregnant woman transmits virus to fetus - Parvovirus B What virus? Defective virus; it cannot replicate in host cell without adenovirus - Adeno- associated virus RSV is what type of virus? - Pneumovirus What virus?
  • Infects upper respiratory tract
  • Produces giant multinucleated cells
  • Most prevalent cause of respiratory infection in children 6 months or younger - RSV What virus?
  • Epithelia of nose and eye portal of entry; replicates in nasopharynx
  • Fever, rhinitis, pharyngitis, otitis, croup
  • Treatment: Palivizumab - RSV What virus? Relatively large RNA viruses with distinctively spaced spikes on their envelopes; Common in domesticated animals - Coronaviruses 4 coronaviruses - 1. Human Coronavirus (causes a "cold")
  1. Enteric Coronavirus
  2. SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)

HIV-1 enters the cell using (a)___ as the receptor and the (b)___ or (c)___ as the coreceptor - a. CD b. CXCR4 (T-cells) c. CCR5 (macrophages) CCR5 is what type of cell - macrophage CXCR4 is what type of cell - T-cell Subtypes and Clades of HIV (5) - 1. M (Major)

  1. O (Outlier)
  2. N (Nonmajor and Nonoutlier)
  3. P (New group
  4. CRF (Circulating Recombinant Forms In HIV, RNA Transcriptase has no... - proofreading capabilities Transmission of HIV (3) - 1. Sexual intercourse
  5. Blood transfusion
  6. Birth Is HIV able to survive long outside of the body? - No
  7. HIV enters through ___ ___ or ___
  8. Travels to ___ ___
  9. Virus is taken up and amplified by ___
  10. HIV attaches to ___ and ___
  11. Fuses with ___ ___
  12. Reverse transcriptase makes a __ copy of ___
  13. Viral ___ is integrated into host ___
  14. Can produce ___ infection or remain ___ - 1. mucous membranes or skin
  15. dendritic phagocytes
  16. macrophages
  17. CD4 and coreceptor
  18. cell membrane
  19. DNA copy of RNA
  20. DNA, chromosome
  21. lytic, latent Primary effects of HIV infection (3) - 1. extreme leukopenia (lymphocytes in particular)
  22. Formation of giant T-cells and syncytia
  23. Infected macrophages release virus Secondary effects of HIV: ___ on ___ ___ allows for opportunistic infections and malignancies - destruction on CD4 lymphocytes

Highly active - therapy for HIV - anti-retroviral Goal of treatment is to reach #-# copies/mL, below the limit of detection of the most sensitive assays (NOT FDA APPROVED) - 20 - 50 Write Non-enveloped or enveloped and either ss/ds and DNA or RNA

  1. HIV
  2. Herpesviruses
  3. SARS-CoV
  4. EBV
  5. Parvovirus
  6. Coronaviruses
  7. Hepatitis B
  8. HPV
  9. RSV
  10. CMV
  11. VZV - 1. HIV: Enveloped ssRNA
  12. Herpesviruses: Enveloped dsDNA
  13. SARS-CoV2: enveloped ssRNA
  14. EBV: enveloped dsDNA
  15. Parvovirus: Non-enveloped ssDNA
  16. Coronaviruses: enveloped ssRNA
  17. Hepatitis B: Enveloped dsDNA
  18. HPV: Non-enveloped dsDNA
  19. RSV: Enveloped ssRNA
  20. CMV: Enveloped dsDNA
  21. VZV: Enveloped dsDNA Direct from animal or human organ into culture tube subculture once. Usually kidney cells. Subculture once. (Viral Cell Culture Line) - Primary Prepared from animal tissues. Terminally differentiated, post-mitotic, usually FIBROBLASTS from LUNG or FORESKIN limited to 20-50 passages. (Viral Cell Culture Line) - Diploid (semi-continuous) Derived from tumors or mutagenic treatment of primary cell culture, can survive continuous passage into new vials (Viral Cell Culture Line) - Continuous VTM transport media includes (3 body sites) - Lesions, mucous membranes, throat specimens Cells are inspected for viruses, which are indicated by dead or dying cells called the... - cytopathic effect (CPE) CPE can take a variety of forms: (4) - 1. rounding up and detachment 2. cell lysis