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Virus and Bacteria
What is a virus? - correct answer a non-cellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells What is Beijerinck known for? - correct answer Coined the Latin name "virus" meaning poison. He studied filter plant juices & found the caused healthy plants to become sick. After studying sick tobacco plants, what did Wendell Stanley discover? - correct answer Discovered viruses were made of nucleic acid and protein. What was Edward Jenner known for? - correct answer He developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796 using milder cowpox viruses. What are the two structures that every virus has? What other structures can viruses have? - correct answer All viruses contain the following two components: 1) a nucleic acid genome and 2) a protein capsid that covers the genome. Together this is called the nucleocapsid. In addition, many animal viruses contain a 3) lipid envelope. helical viruses - correct answer polyhedral viruses - correct answer complex viruses - correct answer What is a virus envelope? - correct answer - A phospholipid bilayer membrane surrounding the nucleocapsid What do viral spikes do? - correct answer To help attach to the host cell
Viruses are host ______? - correct answer Specific What is the viral capsid composed of? - correct answer Made of individual protein subunits What is the subunit of the capsid called? - correct answer Protomers Why do viruses need a host cell? - correct answer Viruses reprogram the cell to make new viruses What are the possible shapes of a virus unit? - correct answer Have variety in shapes. May be Helical shapes like Ebola virus or Polyhedral shape like the influenza virus. Others have more complex shapes like bacteriophages. what does the family end in? - correct answer -viridae what does the genus end in? - correct answer -virus how do you label a viral species? - correct answer Class I viruses contain a single molecule of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). In the case of the most common type of class I animal virus, viral DNA enters the cell nucleus, where cellular enzymes transcribe the DNA and process the resulting RNA into viral mRNA. how do you designate a subspecies? - correct answer a category in biological classification that ranks immediately below a species and designates a population of a particular geographic region genetically distinguishable from other such populations of the same species and capable of interbreeding successfully with them where its range overlaps theirs. what are viruses identified by? - correct answer >RNA or DNA virus >do or don't have an envelope
>Family Retroviriade >Contain enzyme called Reverse Transcriptase >When it infects a cell, it injects its RNA and reverse transcriptase enzyme into the cytoplasm of that cell What is reverse transcriptase? - correct answer causes synthesis of complementary DNA molecule (cDNA) using virus RNA as a template What is virulence? - correct answer ability to cause disease What is a vaccine? - correct answer An attenuated virus is weakened, virgorous virus. "Attenuated" meaning to procedures that weaken an agent of disease (heating). A vaccine against a viral disease can be made from an attenuated, less virulent strain of the virus what are numerous organisms on earth? how far back do they date? - correct answer Bacteria. Earliest fossils date 2.5 billion years old. what are two main types of prokaryote? - correct answer Archaea & Bacteria what is another name for eubacteria? - correct answer true bacteria what type of prokaryote are most bacteria a part of? - correct answer domain eukarya Describe the basic cell structure of a bacterium? - correct answer >Have small rings of DNA called plasmids >Unicellular >Small in size (0.5 to 2um) What is the cell wall of a bacterium made of? - correct answer peptidoglycan
What is the sticky capsule used for in a bacteria cell? - correct answer For attachment to host or other bacteria what is name of the DNA ring in bacteria? - correct answer plasmids How does the size of a bacteria cell compare to viruses and other cells? - correct answer What is flagella? What is it made of? What is used for? - correct answer A bacteria that are motile have appendages. Made of flagellin. Used for classification. What are the different types of flagella? - correct answer >monotrichous: 1 flagella >lophotrichous: tuft at one end >amphtrichous: tuft at both end >peritrichous: all around bacteria What are pili? What are they used for? - correct answer short protein appendages. Used in conjunction for exchange of genetic information. What are the 5 main shapes of bacteria? Know the scientific name and common name. - correct answer >bacillus: rod shaped >coccus: spherical (round) >vibrio: comma shaped with flagella >spirillum: spiral shape >spirochete: wormlike spiral shape What are the 3 grouping of bacteria? - correct answer Diplo- groups of two Strepto- chains
>obligate anaerobes- die if O2 is present (tetanus) >facultative anaerobes- don't need O2, but aren't killed by it (E.coli) How do bacteria reproduce sexually? - correct answer By conjugation. They form a tube between 2 bacteria to exchange genetic material, which is held together by pili. new cells NOT identical How do bacteria reproduce asexually? - correct answer through binary fission chromosome replicates & then cell divides. It is rapid and all new cells are identical (clones) Why do bacteria form endospores? - correct answer to help them survive in the harshest conditions. (little food) how can bacteria be helpful? - correct answer HUMANS: break down food in the digestive system, produce vitamins (like vitamin B), & prevent vitamins bacteria from causing infection FOOD: used to ferment (chemical break down) certain foods; dairy, pickles, soy, sauce, vinegar, etc. ECOSYSTEM: some produce oxygen (like cyanobacteria), some fix nitrogen (N2- >NH3) to be used by plants and animals, used for bioremediation to break down pollutants (i.e. oil), clean up oil spills and industrial accidents What is a pathogen? - correct answer disease causing organism when do some bacteria become pathogenic? - correct answer when they come in contact with tissues they DO NOT normally inhabit how do bacteria cause infection (2 ways)? - correct answer >invade and attack cells (ex: tuberculosis) >make poisons or toxins that travel through the blood stream (ex: botulism) how can you prevent bacterial infections? - correct answer hand washing, antibacterial, substances, cleaning , cooking food thoroughly
how do antibiotics work? - correct answer that can slow or stop the growth of bacteria, it prevents the cell wall from developing. what are ways to develop antibiotics resistance? - correct answer overuse- using antibiotics when bacteria aren't causing illness underuse- when you don't take the full course of antibiotics misuse- using antibiotics for things other than what they are specified for
