FOUNDATION
The
lowest
dMsion
of
a
building
or
other
coostruct1on.
partly
or
wholly
~efow
the
surbu
of
the
ground.
designed
to
support
and
anchor
the
superstructure
and
transmit
its
loads
directly
U:l
the
earth.
shallow
fourubtlon
A
found1t:k:m
system
placed
directly
Pelow
the
lowest
pa~
of
.iI
su~tructure
and
tnnsfming
building
loads
directly
to
the
supportJn~
solllly
v~1
pressure.
DDDDD
~
------------------------------;
The
gr.od-.I3l
Su~lJ1ng
of.il
structure as the i
soli
~
Its
founa.atlon
consolldates r
__
L - - - - - - - - - - - -
-t
urJerlo.adin~
ccnso
IWtion
The
graau:;;l
reauctlon
In
the
volume
of a
soli
mass
~1tJ1If
from
the
.application
of a
~t.;I~
Io4d
and
3n
Increase
In
~5ttess.
pf'im3
ry
c.ol15OlldrtIon
A
reJuctlon
In
vvlurne
of
.iI
soli
mass
under
the
.action
~.a
sust.;lned
load.
due
chiefly
to.a
squeal~
out
of
wawfrom
the
voids
I't'ftIIln
the
IlUSS.and.a
tr.nsfer of the
load
from
the
soli
wafer ~
the
soli
salkis.
Also
caib:l
~ry
compression.
5eCCrWry~n
A
reauctlon
In
volume
of;.l
soli
mass
under
the
actlon
of.a
~Ined
load.
due
chiefly
to
;.It!ustr.etTt
d
the
Internal
structure
of
the
soIlln355
after
~t
of
the
load
has
Peen
tr3nsfemJ
from
the
soli
water to the
soIlsotld:s.
diffuenti.1I5ett!ement
The
relitlve
lI10Vement
of
different parts of
;I
structure
caused
IIy
uneven
settlement
or
failure
of
Its fou.wt01.
~
!
!
_1
i
I l I'
I I
f---····-----·-··-···J"~'
::::::::.
~~
'...
~
~"".
...t_.
_
nonuniform
9J{/
pressure
~
..
passive
e..1rth
pressure
The
horizontJl
component
of
resistance
developed
by
a
soli
mass
against
the
horizontal
movement
of
a
vertlc.alstruct.Jre
through
the
solL
utive
e..1rtn
pressure
The
horlzontJl
component
of
pressure
th.at
a
soli
~S5
exerts
on
3
vertical
rrolnlng
stroct.ure.
soU
pressure
The
actual
pressure
t:leveloped
between
;.I
footlng
and
the
supporting
soli
mass.
equal
t~
the
quotient of the
magnitude
of
the
forces
t<.l
nsmftted
and
the
area
CjUsM
by
Utml
forces
'
..
5he3rr~$W1cc
provided
by
friction
Utwun
footings
;ndsot1
;.IlIowa~1e
be.-aring
pressure
The
maximum
unit
pressure
a
foundation
Is
permitted
to
Im~
vertically
or
I3ter.;1ly
on
a
supportl~
soillT13ss.
Allowal7le
~ring
pressu
res
for
va
roOlJ
5
solI
claS5if1c3tlons
are
conservative
v;llues
permitted
~
PuIId1~
codes
In
the
absence
of
~hnlcallnvestlg3tlon
and
testing
of
the
sot!.
AISIJ
C3IW
.1llowal7le
l1ealing
capacft)'.
allc
.....
abk
$C/l
pressure.
- A =
ccnt:3ct
Jre3 of
f~
~1~(q}=P/A
r"
frost.line
1
The
maximum
depth
at
which
soli
Is
frozen
i
~rost
per.etntes the
ground.
frost
he,we
An
upltft
In
scl
C3used
tr.Y
the
freezl~
of
Internal
molsturt.
fro$t
~on
7r
~
softenlng
of
soU
resulting
from
the
.
f
'~thaWlng
of
frozen
groundwater.
0.5'1
)
2rching
n..""nsf
..
of
",,"
f<om'
y"r,n""
P'"
~,~
of;.l
soil
mass
to
adjoining.
less
y!ekilng
or
02'1 /
restrained
parts
of
the
mass.
.
/
100