Volcanic
Hazards
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Understanding Volcanic Hazards: Lahars, Ash Fall, Pyroclastic Flows, and Volcanic Gases, Lecture notes of Geology
An overview of various volcanic hazards, including lahars, ash fall, pyroclastic flows, and volcanic gases. Volcanologists study these hazards to mitigate their impact on communities and the environment. Lahars are mudflows made up of volcanic debris that can cause significant damage, while ash fall and volcanic gases pose threats to aviation and human health. Pyroclastic flows are fast-moving mixtures of hot lava, ash, and gas that can destroy structures and cause devastating damage.
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2019/2020
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Volcanic
Hazards
a mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas are being or have been erupted from the earth's crust. 2
- a mountain or hill, typically conical,
having a crater or vent through which
lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and
gas are being or have been erupted
from the earth's crust.
2 Volcano
Lahars 4
Lahars are specific mudflow made up of volcanic
debris. They can form in a number of situations:
- When small slope collapses gather water on their way down a volcano
- Through rapid melting of snow and ice during eruption
- From heave rainfall on loose volcanic debris 5
- When a volcano erupts through a crater lake 5)When a crater lake drains because of overflow or wall collapse
Ash fall 7 The term volcanic ash is also often loosely used to refer to all explosive eruption products (correctly referred to as tephra ), including particeles larger than 2mm. Volcanic ash is formed during explosive volcanic eruptions when dissolved gases in magma expand and escape violently into atmosphere.
Volcanic ash consists of fragments of
pulverized rock, minerals and volcanic glass created during volcanic eruptions and measuring less than 2mm (0. inches) in diameter.
Ash fall and volcanic ash clouds are a major hazard to aviation Ash fallout to the ground causes damage to buildings, transportation, water and wastewater, power supply, communication equipment, agriculture and primary production Fine grained ash, when ingested, can cause health impacts to human and animals 8 Devastating Effects of Ash Fall
Volcanic Gases Magma contains dissolved gases, which provide the driving force that cause most volcanic eruptions. As magma rises towards the surface and pressure decreases, gases are released from the liquid portion of the magma (melt) and continue to travel upward and are eventually released into the atmosphere. Image: 1991 Mt. Pinatubo Eruption Clouds of gas and hot ash burst into the air gushed out of the Mt. Pinatubo volcano after 500 years of dormancy.
13 Lava Flows Lava flows are streams of molten rock that pour or ooze from an erupting vent. Lava is erupted during either non explosive activity or explosive lava fountains. Image: Mount Mayon‘s quiet effusion of lava on July 14 2006
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Volcano
02/25/2020 14
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