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WASHINGTON PESTICIDE LAWS
AND SAFETY
What is the definition of a worker? - ANSWERS-A person who does not handle any pesticide products or machinery with residues (weeders, irrigators, pruners, and harvesters). What is the definition of a handler? - ANSWERS-Employees who handle pesticide products (mixers, loaders, and applicators) or have high exposure potential (flaggers and equipment repair persons). What should be present near a storage area to absorb spills? - ANSWERS-Clay, kitty litter, activated charcoal, sawdust or a similar material available to soak up spills. Hydrated lime and bleach should be available for decontamination of spill surfaces. Dispose of this cleaning solution properly. Do not use sawdust on a spill that is a strong oxidizer, as these materials create a fire hazard. Control, contain, and cleanup spills. - ANSWERS-If a large spill occurs that requires outside assistance, contact the Washington Emergency Management Division at 1- 800 - 258 - 5990. What type of applicators must keep application records? - ANSWERS-1) All licensed applicators for all applications.
- All non-certified applicators who make applications greater than one acre of agricultural land per year.
- All non-certified public employees engaged in applications to roadsides.
- All unlicensed people who perform applications to landscape sites (schools, dwellings, shopping centers, golf courses, parks, etc.) Agricultural employers who have pesticides applied for production of an agricultural commodity must keep records of applications for seven years. - ANSWERS-The records must be made on the day of application. These records, in addition to storage records, must be available to workers upon request. The spray records should include what info for each application: - ANSWERS-The name, address, phone number, and license number of the applicator, the exact location of the treated area, the crop, the size of the treated area, the time, the products used and EPA registration numbers, wind direction and speed, total amount of products applied, the rate and concentration, targeted pests, and application apparatus (license if applicable). When is atropine sulfate used as an antidote? - ANSWERS-Give intravenously to counteract excessive acetylcholine due to organophosphate or carbamate poisoning. Multiple doses based on body weight can be administered as symptoms occur. When is Protopam chloride used as an antidote? - ANSWERS-When used in conjunction with atropine sulfate, helps to reactivate cholinesterase in organophosphate poisoning, bu not when carbamates are involved in poisoning.
What is an economic injury level? - ANSWERS-The pest population density that causes losses equal to the cost of the control measures. What are mechanical control methods? - ANSWERS-Devices that prevent the spread or reduce the infestation of pests, primarily insects and vertebrate animals. Mechanical controls include hand destruction, traps, and mechanical exclusions such as screens, nets, and fences. What are physical control methods? - ANSWERS-The manipulation of water, humidity, temperature, electric shock, or other radiant energy to kill, alter the pests life cycle, or create an unfavorable environment for the pest to live in. What are cultural control methods? - ANSWERS-The manipulation of the environment to avert serious pest damage. Cultural control methods require knowledge of the plants needs and potential problems. Ex: irrigation management, rotating crops, pruning, cover crops, etc. What are generic control methods? - ANSWERS-The use of plants and animals that are resistant to attack by pests. Ex: Traditional breeding techniques combined with genetic manipulation of plants to promote host plant resistance to pests and disease. What are biological control methods? - ANSWERS-Involve the introduction, encouragement, and/or artificial increase of plants and insects/animals that are parasites or predators of a pest species.
What are chemical control methods? - ANSWERS-Involve the use of naturally or synthetically derived chemicals that, kill, attract, repel, or otherwise manage the growth of a pest. Avicides - ANSWERS-Management of birds. Bactericides - ANSWERS-Management of bacteria. Fungicides - ANSWERS-Management of fungi. Herbicides - ANSWERS-Management of plants. Insecticides - ANSWERS-Management of insects and insect relatives. Miticides - ANSWERS-Management of mites. Molluscicides - ANSWERS-Management of snails and slugs. Nematicides - ANSWERS-Management of nematodes. Piscicides - ANSWERS-Management of pest fish. Rodenticides - ANSWERS-Management of rodent populations.
accomplished by a series of laws that establish a series of framework and quarantines to prevent the introduction of new pests within the country. Which federal institutions regulate legal controls? - ANSWERS-At the federal level, the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), and the WSDA at the state level. Under Washington state law, what is a pesticide? - ANSWERS-Any substance or mixture of substances intended to:
- Prevent, destroy, control, repel, or mitigate any pest organism, whither it be plant, animal, or virus (except viruses in or on humans or other animals).
- Be used as a plant regulator, defoliant, or dessicant.
- Or be used as a spray adjuvant (not included in the federal definition of a pesticide). Pesticide registrations by the EPA: - ANSWERS-Most pesticides are registered by the EPA and classified at general or restricted use. Pesticide registration by the WSDA: - ANSWERS-Any pesticide sold or used in Washington must be registered by the EPA. The WSDA can refuse to register pesticides regardless of that products EPA registration status. What is state restricted use? - ANSWERS-The WSDA may restrict the use of some pesticides even though the EPA has registered them as general use.
What is SLN or 24c? - ANSWERS-Special local needs registrations allow a state, under some conditions, to register additional uses for a federally registered pesticide. This may adding application sites, pests, or alternate control techniques to those listed on the federally registered label. What must an applicator have to make a SLN application? - ANSWERS-The applicator must have a copy of the SLN label to present to perform this type of application. What is section 18? - ANSWERS-Emergency exemption from registration: Is used when an emergency situation arises for which no acceptable pesticide is registered or available in the state. This provision allows for the sale and use for a nonregistered purpose in a specified area for a specified time period. Special restrictions generally accompany the use of these products (record keeping, safety precautions, specified rates, limited certification). Pesticide use clause: - ANSWERS-No person shall transport, handle, store, load, apply, or dispose of any pesticide, pesticide container, or apparatus in such a manner to cause damage to land, humans, desirable plants and animals, or wildlife. Pesticides cannot legally be used in any manner expect those permitted on the label or in a manner consistent with the specific exceptions identified in FIFRA. Access to records, equipment, and pesticides - ANSWERS-WSDA shall have access to pesticide records at any reasonable time to copy
years. These records must contain: - ANSWERS--Name and address of purchaser (G, R).
- Name and address of certified applicator, if different from above (R).
- Name of authorized agent (R).
- Date of distribution (G, R).
- Amount distributed (G, R).
- Brand name of product and/or EPA registration number (G, R).
- Crop or site to which pesticide will be applied (G).
- Certified applicator number (R). WSDA administers several rules to protect bees and beneficial organisms. - ANSWERS-There are also rules to reduce off target drift and the potential for groundwater contamination. Some items subject to specific regulation in WA state include: - ANSWERS--applications of many insecticides to alfalfa, clover, mint, and corn;
- use of encapsulated methyl parathion;
- applications of phenoxy hormone type herbicides, dessicants, and defoliants in Eastern Washington;
- restricted use classifications of some products that pose concerns for groundwater;
- secondary containment of liquid bulk pesticides,
- and general safety requirements for chemigation;
Applications to aquatic environments: - ANSWERS-WSDA has designated all pesticide formulations label for application onto or into water state restricted use. Only certified applicators with the private or aquatic license endorsement can purchase or use these products (unless used under their direct supervision). A permit must also be issued by the department of ecology to any person for the application of pesticides to water. The only exception is the application of copper sulfate for algae control by a water supply system agency for control in that agencies' water supply waters. The EPA: - ANSWERS-regulates pesticide and environmental issues at a federal level The FDA: - ANSWERS-monitors pesticide residues on or in the nation's food supply The Occupational Safety and Heath Administration (OSHA): - ANSWERS-regulates worker safety issues The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) - ANSWERS-regulates the use of aircraft in aerial applications. The US Department of Transportation (DOT): - ANSWERS-regulates interstate transportation issues. WA: Emergency Management Division (EMD): - ANSWERS-handles crisis spills and leaks
Pesticide Formulation: - ANSWERS-The mixture of active and inert ingredients. Phyotoxicity: - ANSWERS-Plant damage. Adjuvant: - ANSWERS-product added to a spray tank to assist pesticide in its application. Calculating the amount of an AI in a dry formulation: - ANSWERS- requires multiplying the weight of the product by the percent of the active ingredient. Calculating the amount of an AI in a liquid formulation: - ANSWERS-requires multiplying the weight of the AI per gallon by the volume of product. It is necessary to know how much AI is present per gallon instead of just the percent of the product that is an AI. This number is present in the active ingredient statement. Why add inert ingredients? - ANSWERS--For ease of pesticide handling
- Inerts make measuring and mixing pesticides easier.
- To increase safety of a formulation.
- Makes the AI work better (better penetration, more selectivity, increased effectiveness). Labels will often recommend the addition of adjuvants to the tank mix. - ANSWERS-This may include surfactants, spreaders, wetting
agents, colorant dyes, buffers (to adjust pH), antifoaming agents, and safeners. When reading a brand name for a dry product, the number and letters mean what? - ANSWERS-The percent active ingredient by weight and an abbreviation of the formulation type. When reading a brand name for a liquid product, the number and letters mean what? - ANSWERS-The weight of the AI per gallon and an abbreviation of the formulation type. What is a solution? - ANSWERS-A solution is obtained when the active ingredient, either liquid or dry, truly dissolves in water, creating a (usually) transparent substance. The formulations that create a solution require agitation for inital mixing, but do not require agitation once a solution is obtained. The AI will not separate out. What is a suspension? - ANSWERS-Solid particles suspended in a liquid that require agitation to remain in suspension. An active ingredient (high %) is impregnated onto a dry carrier and mixed with an emulsifier (which keeps the dry particles from sticking together in the tank mix). What is an emulsion? - ANSWERS-When one liquid is dispersed within anther liquid like oil and water. AI is usually dissolved in oil (oil/ai droplet) and mixed with an emulsifier. The AI/oil mixture is suspended in water forming a white, milky spray mix, called an emulsion. Agitation is typically required.
What is an adjuvant? - ANSWERS-A chemical added to a pesticide formulation to improve its performance and safety. Remember: The WSDA classifies adjuvants as pesticides, even though the EPA does not. What is a surfactant? - ANSWERS-Surfactants, or surface active adjuvants, are adjuvants that alter the dispersing, spreading, and/or wetting properties of the spray droplets. What are wetting agents? - ANSWERS-Wetting agents and spreaders are the adjuvants most commonly used by applicators. These adjuvants reduce the surface tension of the droplets. A spray droplet must wet the treated surface and spread uniformly over the treated area to provide the maximum pest control. Applications to plants with waxy or hairy leaves often require the inclusion of an adjuvant to the spray mixture. What do stickers, penetrants, and safeners have to do with spray mixtures? - ANSWERS-These adjuvants influence the adherance, absorption, or safety of a pesticide mixture on a treated surface. Buffers, compatibility agents, emulsifiers, and anti-foaming agents affect the mixing, handling, and longevity of the pesticide mixture. Foaming agents, drift retardants, and thickeners reduce drift during application. Always read the label before adding adjuvants to a tank mix. - ANSWERS-Manufactured formulations often contain all necessary adjuvants in appropriate amounts for all or most uses. However,
sometimes it is desirable to add adjuvants at application. Some labels clearly prohibit the addition of adjuvants or specify a specific adjuvant that is permissible. What is a residue tolerance? - ANSWERS-The maximum legal amount of a pesticide residue that may legally remain on or in food or feed at harvest or slaughter. This level is established by the EPA under the authority of FIFRA and the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA). It should be noted that the residue tolerance is higher than any residue found when used according to the label approved by the EPA. What is the trade, brand or product name: - ANSWERS-The product name that is typically trademarked by the manufacturer, so other companies cannot use it. This is the name commonly used in advertisements. The brand name will often specify the formulation and the amount of AI present. Sevin 50WP is a wettable powder with 50% AI. What is the ingredient statement? - ANSWERS-All pesticide labels must list every AI and its percentage within the container. Inert ingredients are not usually named, but the label must show what percentage of the total contents they comprise. What is the chemical name? - ANSWERS-The chemical name is the complex name that identifies the chemical components and structure of the pesticide. It must be listed in the ingredient statement on the label.
Name and address of manufacturer: - ANSWERS-The law requires that the manufacturer or formulator of a product put the name and address of the company on the label so you will know who to contact if necessary. Registration numbers: - ANSWERS-An EPA registration number must appear on all pesticide labels, with the exception of spray adjuvants. This number indicates that the product has been registered and its label approved by the EPA. For SLN use, a pesticide will include SLN and the state abbreviation for the state that product is registered for use in. What is an establishment number? - ANSWERS-An establishment number must also appear on the pesticide label. It identifies the facility that produced the product in case a problem arises or a product is found to be altered in any way. What statement must accompany the signal word on the front of the label? - ANSWERS-The statement "Keep Out of Reach of Children" will be accompanied by the signal word in large letters. Toxicity category IV are no longer required to present on the label. - ANSWERS-Toxicity category IV products do not have to have a signal word on the front of the label, but some still present "Caution" anyway. Provide a description of products that are designated "Danger-Poison Peligro". - ANSWERS-Danger-Poison Peligro is a signal word that will be accompanied by a skull and crossbones. These words and
symbol must appear on all products that are highly toxic by any route of entry into the body. Poison indicates the product can be lethal at low doses. The Spanish word for danger must also appear on the label. Provide a description of products that are designated "Danger Peligro". - ANSWERS-Danger Peligro is a signal word that can cause very severe eye damage or skin irritation, but these products are not lethal at low doses. Provide a description of products that are designated "Warning Aviso". - ANSWERS-Warning Aviso signals that the product is moderately toxic orally, dermally, or through inhalation, or causes moderate eye and skin irriation. Aviso, the spanish word for warning, must appear on the label. Provide a description of products that are designated "Caution". - ANSWERS-Caution signals that the product is slightly toxic orally, dermally, or through inhalation, or causes slight eye or skin irritation. What is a precautionary statement? - ANSWERS-All pesticide labels contain a precautionary statement, which helps applicators protect non-target organisms. Sometimes these statements are listed under the heading, "Hazards to Humans and Domestic Animals". The precautionary statement may be composed of several sections. What is a route of entry statement and where will it be found? - ANSWERS-The statements that immediately follow the signal word, either on the front or side panels of the label, indicate which routes of
