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ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET
Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing
Unit number and title 10: Website Design & Development
Submission date 12/12/2021 Date Received 1st submission
Re-submission Date 18/12/2021 Date Received 2nd submission
Student Name Le Anh Minh Student ID GCD
Class GCD0904 Assessor name Phan Thanh Tra
Student declaration
I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that
making a false declaration is a form of malpractice.
Student’s signature Minh
Grading grid
P1 P2 P3 P4 M1 M2 M3 D
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- A. Identify the purpose and types of DNS, including explanations on howdomain names are organised and managed............................................
- I. What is DNS?...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- II. Purpose of DNS.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- III. Types of DNS Services..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- IV. Explanation on how domain names are organized and managed:.........................................................................................................................................
- B. Explain server technologies and management services associated withhosting and managing websites..................................................................
- I. Communication protocols.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- List of Network Protocols:...................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- 2 Network Protocol Example..................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- II. Server hardware components.............................................................................................................................................................................................................
- Server board...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- Processor (CPU)....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- Memory (RAM)......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- Hard Drive (HDD).................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- Raid controller board..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- Power Supply Unit (PSU)...................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- III. Operating systems:.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- Windows Server....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- Mac OS X Server.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)..................................................................................................................................................................................................
- IV. Web server software:.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- Apache.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- IIS................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- V. Relationship between them..................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- Communication protocol
- Server Hardware...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- Operating System.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- Web server software...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- presentation and application layers............................................................................................................................................................................................................ C. Discuss the capabilities and relationships between front-end and back-end website technologies and explain how these relate to
- I. The meaning of front-end and back-end in website development.........................................................................................................................................
- II. What are the front-end and back-end technologies currently being used.........................................................................................................................
- front-end..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- back-end:..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- III. Relationship between front-end and back-end development:..............................................................................................................................................
- IV. Relationship between front-end and back-end technologies:...............................................................................................................................................
- V. Explain how these relate to presentation and application layers..........................................................................................................................................
- VI. Front-End Technologies........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- VII. Back-End Technologies........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- functionality, User Experience (UX) and User Interface (UI)............................................................................................................................................................ D. Discuss the differences between online website creation tools and custom built sites with regards to design flexibility, performance,
- I. Online Website creation tool.................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- II. Custom Build Sites....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- VI. Wix.COM:.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- VII. Wordpress:...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- VIII. Wix and wordpress: functionality..................................................................................................................................................................................................
- IX. Example:......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- Website use Wix:...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- Website built with Wordpress:.......................................................................................................................................................................................................
- X. What is UI / UX?.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- XI. difference between online website creation tools and custom built sites........................................................................................................................
- REFERENCE..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
A. IDENTIFY THE PURPOSE AND TYPES OF DNS, INCLUDING EXPLANATIONS ON HOWDOMAIN
NAMES ARE ORGANISED AND MANAGED.
I. WHAT IS DNS?
Domain Name Server (DNS) is a standard protocol that helps Internet users discover websites using human readable addresses. Like a phonebook which lets you look up the name of a person and discover their number, DNS lets you type the address of a website and automatically discover the Internet Protocol (IP) address for that website. Without DNS, the Internet would collapse - it would be impossible for people and machines to access Internet servers via the friendly URLs they have come to know. For example, the domain name www.ns1.com you are viewing now, translates to the IP address 104.20.48.182 (in the old IPv4 format) or 2002:6814:30b6:0:0:0:0:0 (in the newer IPv6 format).
II. PURPOSE OF DNS
DNS is like a translator, DNS translates the domain name into an IP address of 4 different numbers. for example, the domain name www.fpt.com to 123.457.12 or vice versa translates an IP address into a domain name. DNS makes the Internet more user-friendly today with the advent of all devices connected to the Internet, Users can only remember the name of the website but it is difficult to remember the IP address range of that website. Therefore, DNS appears as a service that allows users to enter the domain name on the web browser and website name.
III. TYPES OF DNS SERVICES
There are two primary types of services that DNS servers provide: Authoritative DNS and Recursive DNS. Both are integral to the
DNS infrastructure, but each serves a different purpose during a DNS query. The recursive DNS server at the beginning and the
authoritative DNS server at the end of the DNS query.
In turn, the resolver then sends the information request to the Top-Level Domain server (In this case, the “.com” TLD
nameserver).
The TLD name server responds to the resolver with the targeted IP address of the domain’s nameserver. (In this case, the DNS
server for “facebook.com”.)
Next, the DNS recursive resolver sends the query to the domain’s DNS server.
The domain’s DNS server then returns the IP address to the DNS resolver for the requested domain (e.g., “facebook.com”.
Finally, the DNS resolver returns the IP address of the requested domain to the requesting web browser. The browser sends the
HTTPS request to the targeted IP address, and the server with that address returns the webpage, which renders in the user’s
browser. NS recursive resolver, in turn, sends a query to the root DNS nameserver (.).
The root server returns to the resolver the address of the top-level domain (i.e., “TLD”) DNS root server, which has the needed
information for the facebook.com domain. (Examples of a top- level domain tld include “.com”, “.net”, and “.org,” which each
TLD having it’s own root DNS server.)
In turn, the resolver then sends the information request to the Top-Level Domain server (In this case, the “.com” TLD
nameserver).
The TLD name server responds to the resolver with the targeted IP address of the domain’s nameserver. (In this case, the DNS
server for “facebook.com”.)
Next, the DNS recursive resolver sends the query to the domain’s DNS server.
The domain’s DNS server then returns the IP address to the DNS resolver for the requested domain (e.g., “facebook.com”.
Finally, the DNS resolver returns the IP address of the requested domain to the requesting web browser. The browser sends the
HTTPS request to the targeted IP address, and the server with that address returns the webpage, which renders in the user’s
browser.
B. EXPLAIN SERVER TECHNOLOGIES AND MANAGEMENT SERVICES ASSOCIATED WITHHOSTING AND
MANAGING WEBSITES
I. COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS
Network protocols are the reason you can easily communicate with people all over the world, and thus play a critical role in modern digital communications.
Similar to the way that speaking the same language simplifies communication between two people, network protocols make it possible for devices to interact with each other because of predetermined rules built into devices’ software and hardware. Neither local area networks (LAN) nor wide area networks (WAN) could function the way they do today without the use of network protocols.
1. List of Network Protocols: There are thousands of different network protocols, but they all perform one of three primary actions: Communication Network management Security Each type is necessary to use network devices swiftly and safely, and they work together to facilitate that usage. a. Communication Communication protocols allow different network devices to communicate with each other. They are used in both analog and digital communications and can be used for important processes, ranging from transferring files between devices to accessing the internet. Common types of communication protocols include the following: Automation : These protocols are used to automate different processes in both commercial and personal settings, such as in smart buildings, cloud technology or self-driving vehicles. Instant messaging : Instantaneous, text-based communications on smartphones and computers occur because of a number of different instant messaging network protocols. Routing : Routing protocols permit communication between routers and other network devices. There are also routing protocols specifically for ad hoc networks. Bluetooth : Ever-popular Bluetooth devices — including headsets, smartphones and computers — work due to a variety of different Bluetooth protocols. File transfer : If you have ever moved files from one device to another, either via a physical or digital medium, you’ve used file transfer protocols (FTP). Internet Protocol : Internet Protocol (IP) allows data to be sent between devices via the internet. The internet could not operate as it currently does without IP. b. Network Management Network management protocols define and describe the various procedures needed to effectively operate a computer network. These protocols affect various devices on a single network — including computers, routers and servers — to ensure each one, and the network as a whole, perform optimally. The functions of network management protocols include the following:
The main server is a complex system with the task of centrally storing data sources, processing and accessing information coming from other computers over the Internet. The server hardware equipment for a complete setup is similar to a desktop computer (also known as a PC), but the main difference is that the reliability and performance of the server is much higher than that of a computer. throughput. II. SERVER HARDWARE COMPONENTS Basically, a physical server has a server system structure like a regular PC. However, there are certain differences between the components of server hardware and PC hardware.
1. Server board The chip set of the main server is always completely different from the PC because of its extremely strong virtualization support. These must be server-specific chips with specialized virtualization capabilities, especially with the main server types to create virtual servers. Usually, most PC motherboards run on old chipsets such as Intel 845, 865 or new Intel 945, 975, etc. Server hardware motherboards often use specialized chipsets such as Intel E7520, Intel 3000, Intel 5000X, etc. These chipsets stand out for their ability to support high-speed interfaces such as ECC RAM, SCSI HDD – SAS, Raid or support for multiple Xeon CPUs,... 2. Processor (CPU) Server CPU is a powerful CPU with excellent processing ability with lots of cores and threads. At the same time, the CPU must also be able to provide superior support specifically for server functionality. Do not use Sockets in the form of 478, 775 with Pentium 4, Pentium D, Duo core, Quadcore lines like PCs, servers use separate CPUs, mostly Xeon series. Operating on sockets 771, 603, 604 with high L2 cache capacity, hard virtualization capabilities, other specialized instruction sets..., Xeon series owns a completely different architecture. Some low-end servers still use the Socket 775 CPU as their main processor. 3. Memory (RAM) In the market, you can find DDR RAM I, II with Bus 400, 800, etc. Actually, RAM for server is similar but with ECC feature added. What is the EEC feature? EEC (Error Corection Code) is a type of RAM capable of controlling the data stream accessed in it to automatically correct errors.
What are the advantages of EEC? When a collision occurs, RAM ECC simply requests to resend the correct packet that crashed. You will reduce risks and operating costs because ECC RAM is very stable. EEC helps your computer not to hang, dump blue screen when any 1 bit is faulty during data processing. Furthermore, these RAMs are hot-swappable for replacement when damaged without having to shut down the system. However, the motherboard must support this new RAM standard to be able to use this RAM.
4. Hard Drive (HDD) To ensure the ability to store extremely high volumes of data, the hard drive and the speed of the hard drive are always a top concern. The storage capacity and rotation speed of dedicated hard drives for servers are always much higher than those of PC hard drives. If PC HDDs usually have IDE, SATA I, and SATA II interfaces, server HDDs operate on SCSI or SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) interfaces. This interface has a higher bandwidth (600MB/s) and possesses an almost 30% higher rpm (10,000RPM). In particular, some new SAS drives even reach 15,000 RPM to maximize data read / write speed. 5. Raid controller board This is an important component of server hardware in a modern server. This controller board will combine the hard drives into a unified whole with backup mechanisms. In the event of a physical failure, these fail-proof backup mechanisms keep your data safe. Depending on the board, the ability to support different levels of Raid. Two levels that are common in most servers are Raid 1 and Raid 5. However, you may not need to retrofit as some server boards already have this controller chip built in. 6. Power Supply Unit (PSU) The component that supplies power to the internal devices plays an important role in the server's operation. Therefore, specialized server lines often follow high-power power supplies that can be replaced or backed up when the main power supply fails. III. OPERATING SYSTEMS: Basically software is instructions that can be stored and run by hardware and software in the computer are applications running inside the computer, we cannot hold and touch it. A computer has a lot of software. Each software addresses a different function.
you need. The power and simplicity of Mac OS X Server are a reection of Apple’s operating system strategy—one that favors open industry standards over proprietary technologies. It begins with a UNIX-based foundation built around the Mach microkernel and the latest advances from the open source BSD community. This foundation provides Mac OS X Server with a stable, high-performance, 64-bit computing platform for deploying server-based applications and services. Advantages of Mac OS server
MacOS Server offers major advantages if you use Mac clients in you network. It allows for an
extremely easy creation of features comparable to Win group policies for Mac clients, much more
easy then to do the same for Win clients on a Windows server.
Naturally, it also has full support for all the small Mac client specifics like resource forks, finder
attributes and stuff like that which all have the potential to become a real PITA if you use a Win or
Linux server instead. Telling your users you don't support these might be possible, but it also might
break some applications.
In my experience, general administration is much more easy than on any Linux system and also than
on Windows, at least for smallish groups. Scaling out is another thing, but this requires detailed
knowledge on any platform. At least with simple requirements, the promise of not needing a pro
admin is much more realistic for a Mac only shop than for any other platform.
Even if you plan to run a Win clients only or mixed Win/Mac environment with a Linux server and
Samba in a 10 to 20 user environment without a pro admin, I would recommend using MacoS Server
in many cases, as it shields all those implicit complexities behind an really easy to use GUI.
While this is not the subject of the question, even being more expensive than Windows clients for the
initial purchase, Macs have a much lower TCO in many environments, if users would stop thinking in
brands and reputations and instead start to learn what the real differences and pros/cons are,
beyond the logo and the more or less fancy GUIs.
Disadvantages of Mac OS server First, while certainly possible, it is not really cut out to scale to the enterprise, and doing so will require intimate knowledge of the system. Also, while Apple used many standard open source software packages to create the system, they often decided to do things a little bit differently than others, sometimes for no apparent reason. This might require working around some issues (not storing the password in the LDAP database being a prime example). If you know your way around Linux, have more Win/Linux than Mac clients and can live with some restrictions on the Mac side, a Linux server might indeed be cheaper. Integrating MacOS Server into a larger environment can sometimes be quite difficult.
Often, software/hardware packages are not certified for MacOS, leaving you without support if needed. I currently experience this while planning a SAN.
3. Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) is a distribution of the Linux operating system developed for the business market. RHEL was formerly known as Red Hat Linux Advanced Server. RHEL is based on free, open source code. Although Red Hat makes its source code available for download, verbatim copying of the distribution is forbidden. The RHEL operating system (OS) supports diverse workloads in physical, virtualized and cloud environments. RHEL editions are available for servers, mainframe, SAP applications, desktops and OpenStack. The RHEL 6.5 update, based on Linux kernel version 2.6.32-431, provides Precision Time Protocol (PTP) support, centralized certificate administration and security updates, large-scale resource management, broader support for solid-state storage devices and extended subscription management services. RHEL 7, which as this writing is still in beta, will have multiple file systems, supporting EXT4, XFS and btrfs in addition to EXT2 and EXT. The interface will also change, with Gnome 2 classic mode as the default. Advantages of RHEL: It has a really easy way to fix security issues, just "yum update" and you're ready [ Red Hat Enterprise Linux] (RHEL) is widely supported by vendors, so there's no need to compile drivers, modules, or applications from source to have a ready-to-use solution The way [ Red Hat Enterprise Linux] (RHEL) is supported help us to have a long server lifecycle (10 years), which simplify a lot our compliance Disadvantages of RHEL: [ Red Hat Enterprise Linux] (RHEL) should be more flexible with mount point, it is common to see a stuck server during booting because [of] a missing non-essential disk/volume/partition, it should at least permit (if possible) a remote (ssh) login to see what happened. In my experience, cluster file systems provided by Red Hat are prone to fail, I've sent this situation more than not in my career. [ Red Hat Enterprise Linux] (RHEL) shouldn't have taken over CentOS, I believe CentOS was the way into[ Red Hat Enterprise Linux] (RHEL) and now this road is closed. IV. WEB SERVER SOFTWARE: Organize communication between users and the system.
But before we dig into the nitty-gritty of IIS, let’s start by defining a web server in a general sense. Pros The graphical user interface (GUI) helps new users. IIS has good integration with Performance Monitor, which provides for easy access to extensive usage statistics. Cons IIS is not robust and can easily be made to 'hang' so that the server must be rebooted to recover. It is certainly unacceptable for an NT Service to fail in this way. IIS can only be configured using the GUI, which can be a complex and laborious manual process in a production environment. There seems to be no way to encapsulate all of the settings in a single configuration file, as you can with Apache, which is essential for configuration management. IIS lacks flexibility in many areas. For example, there is almost no way to control how URLs are parsed. Remote administration and configuration of IIS is almost impossible, as this can only be done using a crippled web-interface that, of course, requires IIS to be running and correctly configured! IIS is only available for Windows. V. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEM
1. Communication protocol The protocol defines rules, syntax, semantics, and synchronization of communication and can methods of error recovery. Protocols can be implemented by hardware, software or a combination of both. 2. Server Hardware Hardware represents all the physical things that you can touch and see which merged and built together as a single entity called a Personal Computer (PC). It can be a laptop or even your smart devices in this case. 3. Operating System Operating System (OS) is working on top of the hardware. OS is the software that brings you the interface to be able to communicate with the hardware. Well, of course, there is more than that. OS communicates with the kernel using the device drivers to send “commands” to the hardware to do the things that you want to do.
4. Web server software Web Server Software is also just a software application. It is installed, and runs on a computer - the server serves as a Web Server, thanks to this program that users can access the Web site information from another computer on the network (Internet, intranet). ). Web Server has the ability to send Web clients via the Internet environment (or Intranet) via HTTP protocol.
C. DISCUSS THE CAPABILITIES AND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FRONT-END AND BACK-END WEBSITE
TECHNOLOGIES AND EXPLAIN HOW THESE RELATE TO PRESENTATION AND APPLICATION LAYERS.
I. THE MEANING OF FRONT-END AND BACK-END IN WEBSITE DEVELOPMENT.
Front-end and back-end are very important in programming a website. Each one will have its own function and a close relationship with each other. When accessing a web site, user experience is very important. It includes many factors from page load speed, layout, design to image quality, website stability. The front-end of a website is the interface to interact with users. Everything that you can see on the website belongs to the front-end from the font, the color to the menu bar, the slider up and down. Back-end job. The main function of a Back-end developer is to ensure that the information and services required by Front-end are implemented. They are the ones responsible for maintaining the entire system, based on the integration process. Capabilities of Front-end and Back-End Technologies Front-End
- Responsive web design.
- Markup and web languages such as HTML, CSS and JavaScript.
- Search Engine Optimization (SEO).
- Asynchronous request handling and AJAX.
- Cross-browser compatibility issues and workarounds.
- End-to-end testing with a headless browser.
- Single page application Back-End
- Scripting languages like Node.js, PHP, Python, Ruby or Perl.
Frontend and backend development are quite different from each other, but still, they are two aspects of the same situation. The frontend is what users see and interact with and the backend is how everything works. The frontend is the part of the website users can see and interact with such as the graphical user interface (GUI) and the command line including the design, navigating menus, texts, images, videos, etc. Backend, on the contrary, is the part of the website users cannot see and interact with. The visual aspects of the website that can be seen and experienced by users are frontend. On the other hand, everything that happens in the background can be attributed to the backend. Languages used for the front end are HTML, CSS, JavaScript while those used for the backend include Java, Ruby, Python, .Net. IV. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRONT-END AND BACK-END TECHNOLOGIES: Front-end is the user interface/client and code/tools related to it, whereas the back-end is the server-side and the code/tools related to it. User interface code and tools are CSS, HTML, and JavaScript and the many tools and frameworks that work with these technologies and this will be how the User/Human will interact with the application. The Back-end/server will communicate over the internet responding to requests via a protocol called “http” which facilitates requests/responses in the form of “packets” over a network or networks. The back-end will contain some logic in code (PHP, Python, Java, etc.) that will tell the server what to do… do I want to grab some data, create new data, update some data, delete some data…etc. Then usually the server will interface with some sort of data-store such as a database that will store and provide data in an orderly way. Of course it is much more involved and many more processes and technologies are involved, but this is the basic relationship between front-end and back-end, it facilitates interactions between a human on a browser (or another server with just back-end via API’s) and a server/database somewhere on the internet. V. EXPLAIN HOW THESE RELATE TO PRESENTATION AND APPLICATION LAYERS. Front-End and Back-Ends refers to the separation of concerns between the presentation layer, application layer and database layer as well as in front-tend there is application and in back-end there are two layers i.e. application and database layer. The three different layers of front-end and backend are described below,
Presentation Layer Presentation layer is known as front-end layer that consists of user interface and user interface is graphical that can be accessible through web browser and web application which display content and information useful to an end user. Similarly, this application layer is built by using web technologies such as HTML, CSS and JavaScript and can be also built by using frameworks and communicate with other layers by using API calls. Application layer Application layer contains the functional business logic that drives the core capabilities of an application which is mostly written in Java, .NET, C #, Python, C++, etc. Database Layer The database / data storage system and the data access layer are part of Database layer and examples of these systems include MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, Microsoft SQL Server, etc. and Application layer accesses data through API calls. Presentation layer is mostly deployed to the desktop, tablets and phones either through web browser or through web-based application utilizing a web server as well as application layer is mostly hosted
