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Hyperthyroidism vs. Hypothyroidism: A Comprehensive Study Guide, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Pathophysiology

Virginia State University (VSU)Pathophysiology

A comprehensive overview of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, covering their pathophysiology, etiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, treatment options, and nursing care. It delves into the specific conditions of graves' disease, toxic multinodular goiter, thyroiditis, and myxedema coma, offering valuable insights into their causes, symptoms, and management. The document also highlights the importance of monitoring vital signs, promoting visual health, and maintaining skin integrity in patients with these conditions.

Typology: Study Guides, Projects, Research

2024/2025

Available from 02/26/2025

hesigrader002
hesigrader002 🇺🇸

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Week
15:
HYPERthyroidism
Vs.
HYPOthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
•Pathophysiology and etiology
▪Caused by excessive delivery of TH
▪Increases metabolic rate
▪Heightens sympathetic nervous system's response
•Etiology
▪Autoimmune stimulation
▪Excess secretion of thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH)
▪Excessive intake of thyroid medications
Hyperthyroidism continued
Risk factors
•Women
•Genetic
•Age (20–40)
•Increased iodine intake
Hyperthyroidism continued
•Clinical manifestations
▪Increased appetite with weight loss
▪Hypermotile bowels, diarrhea
▪Heat intolerance
▪Insomnia
▪Palpitations
▪Increased sweating
▪Hair changes
▪Emotional lability
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Week 15: HYPER thyroidism Vs.

HYPO thyroidism

Hyperthyroidism

  • Pathophysiology and etiology ▪ Caused by excessive delivery of TH ▪ Increases metabolic rate ▪ Heightens sympathetic nervous system's response
  • Etiology ▪ Autoimmune stimulation ▪ Excess secretion of thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH) ▪ Excessive intake of thyroid medications Hyperthyroidism continued Risk factors
  • Women
  • Genetic
  • Age (20–40)
  • Increased iodine intake Hyperthyroidism continued
  • Clinical manifestations ▪ Increased appetite with weight loss ▪ Hypermotile bowels, diarrhea ▪ Heat intolerance ▪ Insomnia ▪ Palpitations ▪ Increased sweating ▪ Hair changes ▪ Emotional lability

Hyperthyroidism continued

  • Graves disease ▪ Autoimmune disorder ▪ Antibody in serum causes thyroid cells to hyperfunction ▪ Enlarged thyroid gland (goiter) ▪ Manifestations of hyperthyroidism ▪ Ophthalmopathy, proptosis ▪ Fatigue, sleep di 昀케 culties, hand tremors, changes in menstruation Hyperthyroidism continued
  • Toxic multinodular goiter ▪ Small, independently functioning nodules secrete excessive amounts of TH ▪ Manifestations of hyperthyroidism develop slowly
  • Excess TSH stimulation ▪ Overproduction of TSH by pituitary ▪ Rare Hyperthyroidism continued
  • Thyroiditis ▪ Viral infection ▪ Acute disorder that may become chronic
  • Thyroid storm ▪ Extreme state of hyperthyroidism ▪ Untreated hyperthyroidism or stressor ▪ Life-threatening ▪ Rapid increase in metabolic rate ▪ Rapid treatment essential Hyperthyroidism continued ▪ Diagnostic tests
  • Thyroid antibodies test
  • TSH test

▪ Explain how to take prescribed medications

  • Implementation ▪ Monitor cardiac output - Monitor blood pressure, pulse, rhythm - Respiratory rate, breath sounds - Suggest keeping environment cool - Free of distractions - Encourage balance of activity with rest Hyperthyroidism continued
  • Implementation ▪ Promote visual health
  • Monitor visual acuity, photophobia
  • Teach measures for protecting eye
  • Tinted glasses, shields
  • Arti 昀椀 cial tears
  • Cool, moist compresses
  • Cover, tape eyelids shut at night if they don't close
  • Elevate head of bed 45°
  • Have client report pain, vision change Hyperthyroidism continued
  • Implementation ▪ Promote balanced nutrition
  • Monitor nutritional status
  • Have client weigh daily
  • Teach about diet needs
  • High-carbohydrate, high-protein diet
  • Between-meal snacks
  • Improve body image
  • Establish trusting relationship
  • Encourage client to verbalize feelings Hypothyroidism
  • Hypothyroidism  disorder that results when the thyroid gland produces insu 昀케 cient amounts of TH
  • Pathophysiology and etiology ▪ TH production decreases ▪ Thyroid gland enlarges in attempt to produce more hormone ▪ Older clients have decrease in T 4 ▪ Hypothyroid state  myxedema Hypothyroidism cont’d
  • Etiology ▪ Primary
  • Defects in gland, loss of thyroid tissue, antithyroid medications, thyroiditis, endemic iodine de 昀椀 ciency ▪ Secondary
  • Pituitary TSH de 昀椀 ciency or peripheral resistance to TH ▪ Medications can cause ▪ Common in women 30– years Hypothyroidism cont’d
  • Risk factors ▪ Women over 50 years ▪ Close relative with autoimmune condition ▪ Thyroid surgery, radiation to neck ▪ Iodine de 昀椀 ciency ▪ Hashimoto thyroiditis Hypothyroidism cont’d
  • Clinical manifestations ▪ Slow onset ▪ Goiter
  • TSH may be increased ▪ Surgery
  • Large goiter ▪ Physical assessment
  • Muscle strength, deep tendon re 昀氀 exes
  • Vital signs, cardiovascular, integument, thyroid gland, weight Hypothyroidism cont’d
  • Planning ▪ Goals may include that client will ▪ Have pulse and BP remain WNL ▪ Not exhibit arrhythmias ▪ Have skin that remains intact, warm, dry ▪ Remain free of edema ▪ Maintain visual acuity ▪ Participate in activities and have normal HR ▪ Have elimination return to normal Hypothyroidism cont’d
  • Implementation ▪ Monitor cardiac output
  • Monitor BP, apical, peripheral pulses
  • Monitor respiratory rate, breath sounds
  • Suggest client avoid becoming chilled
  • Explain need to alternate periods of rest, activity ▪ Prevent constipation
  • Encourage 昀氀 uid intake of 2,000 mL/day
  • Discuss high-昀椀 ber diet
  • Increase activity as tolerated Hypothyroidism cont’d
  • Implementation

▪ Maintain skin integrity

  • Monitor skin redness, lesions
  • Provide or teach immobile client measures to promote circulation
  • Teach, implement schedule of ROM exercises
  • Provide or teach client measures to maintain skin integrity