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WGU BIOCHEMISTRY OA FINAL TEST
2026 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ True or False: According to the Module, a compound with a molecular mass of 1,000 g/mol is considered a macromolecule.. Answer: False
◍ Prokaryote (Pro- Before, Kary- Nucleus). Answer: No NucleusTightly Bound, Circular Chromosome (1)Asexual
◍ True or False: Biomolecules can have two or more different functional groups.. Answer: True
◍ Virulence Factors (ability to cause disease). Answer: bacteria-associated molecules that are required for a bacterium to cause disease while infecting eukaryotic hosts such as humans
◍ Prokaryote. Answer: -no membrane bound organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts)-has cytoplasmic soup(soupy)-Only BACTERIA & ARCHAEA
◍ Flagellum. Answer: used for movement only (w/o bacterium won't move)
◍ Bacteria. Answer: Run- Tumble (movement)
◍ True or False: The following functional group is an amine. C2H5NH2. Answer: True
◍ True or False: In a eukaryotic cell, the organelles called peroxisomes serve
the purpose of digesting macromolecules.. Answer: False
◍ pilus (pili). Answer: hairlike, submicroscopic structure made of protein that can help a bacterial cell attach to environmental surfaces and act as a bridge between cells
◍ Plasmid. Answer: exchange genetic information
◍ True or False: Carbon dioxide has a linear molecular shape AND has a bond angle of 109.5o.. Answer: False
◍ Of the following, ____________ is not a property of carbon.Forming ionic bondsForming cyclic structuresForming multiple bondsForming bonds with oxygenBonding in long chains. Answer: Forming ionic bonds
◍ Capule(thick)/ slime layer(thin). Answer: protection to the bacterial cell (slimy, made up of polysaccharides(sticky)1.helps bacteria stick producing biofilms2.protect cell from phagocytosis (won't eat bacteria w/ capsule)
◍ _____________ is a functional group found in carbohydrates.. Answer: Alcohols
◍ The following functional group is an example of _________.Ch3COCH2CH3. Answer: Ketone
◍ A ___________ is a chemical formula that shows how the atoms of a molecule are bonded to one another.. Answer: Kekule' structure
◍ A collection of two or more macromolecules uniting is called a _______.. Answer: Supramolecular Complex
◍ Gram positive cell wall function. Answer: Protects cell from lysisProtects cell from phagocytes (made of sugar so phagocytes think cell is supposed to be there)Maintains cell shapeConfer new abilities (take genetic info transfer to another bacteria cellAntibiotic resistancetoxin productionUtilize new carbohydrates-purple/blue stain
◍ According to the module, the study of carbon compounds is referred to as _____.. Answer: Organic Chemistry
◍ The ___________ functional group was NOT discussed in this module.AlcoholAmineAromaticThiolAll of these were discussed. Answer: All of these were discussed
◍ gram negative cell wall (more pathogenic). Answer: Lose primary stain &counterstain neededThin peptidoglycan (10-20%)Outer membrane- extra layer of protection Periplasmic space (metabolism and breaks down substances to go into cell membrane)Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin-toxic to humans, no effect when attached to bacteria, harmful when released (treatment/immune try to fight off infection)Toxic-causes fever, inflammation, shock/deathExotoxin-bacteria produced and release-counterstain turn pink/red
◍ Which number would be closest to the approximate number of ribosomes in an E. coli cell?938400150026,000. Answer: 26,
◍ Eukaryotes have molecules that provide a protective structure. This network, which is found in all eukaryotes, is called the _____________.. Answer: Cytoskeleton
◍ Acid fast. Answer: Mycobacterium (pathogenic &causes TB & hansens)Thin layer of
peptidoglycan (40%)Thick lipid layer (mycolic acid 60%)Bacteria grows slow, lack of nutritionharder to fight (long term treatment)
◍ (Short response) Explain the common similarity in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Explain the similarity in at least two sentences.. Answer: The fundamental similarity is that each cell type has a plasma membrane that separates life from non-life. The plasma membrane acts as a barrier to most molecules but does have proteins that permit select molecules to cross via proteins (transporters). The plasma membrane permits the cell to have a different composition of molecules inside the cell than out and defines a space for life to occur.
◍ Wall-deficient (small group). Answer: No peptidoglycan (no rigidity)Cell membrane strengthened by sterols (strengthen the cell membrane)
◍ Eukaryote (true nucleus). Answer: •Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane•Histones•Organelles•Polysaccharide cell walls, when present•Divides by mitosis
◍ eukaryote includes. Answer: protists, fungi, plants (most common, thick cell wall, large vacuole), animals(cristals), helminths
◍ Protists. Answer: single-celled or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms that generally do not fit in any other kingdom
◍ (Short response) Would a scientist be more likely to find an element such as O in a biomolecule, or W? Explain which she would more likely find in a biological molecule and give specific physical/chemical properties.. Answer: She would more likely find O. Smaller elements are preferred. In the case of O, it is found in water, so it would be highly concentrated. Smaller elements with smaller atomic shells are favored because they can form stable covalent bonds. Strong bonds form by significant overlap of
biomolecules and the chemical reactions of organisms.
◍ Fungi. Answer: -nongreen, eukaryotic organisms that have no means of movement, and get food by breaking down substances in their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients(heterotrophs)-spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter, including molds, yeast (single celled-bread & alcohol, saccharomyces), mushrooms, and toadstools.-chitin(cell wall)
◍ Fungi Muliticelluar. Answer: Hyphae(mycelium-1+ hyphae)1-imcomplete cell walls-septum2-Multiple nucleiEx: Ringworm (hand& rub arm-can transfer), athlete's foot, histoplasmosis
◍ Fungi Groups. Answer: Zygomycota- sexual through conjugation & asexual, Ascomycota-sexual through ascospore(saclike) & asexual thru conidiosporesBasidiomycota-sexual through basidia(clublike) & asexual (mushroom, roots, smuts)Deuteromycota- lichen is a type of fungi- asexual only (fungi imperfecti
◍ Helminths. Answer: multicellular parasitic organisms commonly called worms or flukesReduce organ systems (start @ mouth -ends anus)
◍ Fermentation. Answer: A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.Break down the sugars in grains-converting them into alcohol, carbon dioxide and beer flavors
◍ Pasteurization. Answer: A process of heating food to a temperature (55-60 degrees C) that is high enough to kill most harmful bacteria without changing the taste of the food.-Short period of time-milk, canned foods, syrup and wine
◍ Virus. Answer: A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell.Naked (no envelope)-have nucleic acid core & capsid, cell lysis(burst)-adenovirus and poliovirusEnvelope Virus-nucleic attach to cell membrane- flu & HIVReoviridae- provides reverse transcriptase (Rna>DNA)
◍ Pathogenesis. Answer: development of disease1. Expose(contact)2. Adhesion (colonization "grow")3.Invasion (immune sys., enzymes/toxins)4. Infection
◍ Infection. Answer: 1. Local- 1 body part/organ "port of entry"- UTI, Boils, Pneumonia2. Focal- Originate 1 body part transfer to another (new area)3. Systemic- Throughout body- Chickenpox
◍ Bacterial exoenzymes and toxins (patho will not cause a disease if it can't invade). Answer: "Emia"-blood/substance in the bloodbacteremia- bacteria in bloodviremia-viruses in the bloodtoxemia- toxins in the bloodsepticemia- bacteria presently and multiplying in the bloodseptic shock- life threatening, decrease bp (no oxygen &nutrients)Tumor necrosis- release during gram - infections
◍ Classes of Exoenzymes (edema/swelling). Answer: glycohydrolases, nucleases, phospholipases, proteases
◍ Glycohydrolases function. Answer: Hyaluronidase in staphylococcus aureus-degrades hyaluronic acid (cement cells together and promote spread through tissues)
◍ Nucleases. Answer: - DNAse produced by S.Aureus-degrades DNA released by dying cells (bacteria/host cells) that can trap the bacteria, promote spread
◍ Phospholipases.
diarrhea
◍ Tetanus toxin. Answer: Clostridium tetani- blocks release of inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA - rigid spastic paralysis in face (lockjaw)... respiratory failure - if infected, must use anti-toxin antibodies that inhibit toxin
◍ Botulinum toxin. Answer: Clostridium botulinum exotoxinInhibits release of neurotransmitters Protease that cleaves SNARE (soluble NSF attachment protein receptor), a set of proteins required for neurotransmitter release via vesicular fusionFlaccid paralysis, floppy baby; toxin prevents release of stimulatory (ACh) signals at neuromuscular junctionsflaccid paralysis
◍ Diphtheria toxin. Answer: - Made by Corynebacterium diphtheriae- Ribosylates elongation factor 2- Blocks ribosome function; cell dies- Forms pseudomembrane over trachea
◍ Membrane-disrupting toxins. Answer: lyse host cells by disrupting plasma membraneshemolysins- red blood cells(erythrocytes)Leukocidins-white blood cellsPVL-skin infection (edema, erythema)
◍ Streptolysin. Answer: Streptococcus pyogenes an exotoxin that kills a number of cell typers, including red and white blood cells and platelets
◍ Pneumolysin. Answer: • pore forming toxin of S. Pneumo.• Potent neurotoxin; can trigger cellular apoptosis
◍ Alpha toxin of C. perfringens & S. aureus(kill cell). Answer: -degrades cell membrane phospholipids, functioning and cell lysis
◍ Phospholipase C. Answer: Pseudomonas aeruginosa-degrades cell membrane phospholipids, functioning and cell lysis
◍ Beta-toxin. Answer: Staphylococcus aureus-degrades cell membrane phospholipids, functioning and cell lysis
◍ Superantigens. Answer: cause an intense immune response due to release of cytokines from host cells-massive immune and inflammatory response-fever, low bp, shock and death
◍ Superantigens pathogens. Answer: staphylococcus aureus-toxic shockstreptococcus pyogenes- streptococcal mitogenic & pyrpgenic exotoxin
◍ Gram stain dyes. Answer: basic dye- positive stain- cell colored, background colorlessacid dye- negative stain-background colored, specimen colorless
◍ Simple stain. Answer: 1 dye to stain- only see shape of cell(no characteristics)
◍ Differential stain. Answer: -multiple dyes-can see shape and characteristic of specimen-gram stain-differential gram +/--endospore- acid fast stain
◍ Acid fast stain. Answer: -non-acid fast- doesn't have thick waxy layer(colorless)-acid- fast-mycolic acid-60%-thick waxy layer (retain red)-2 techniquesa. (Heat)- Ziehl Neelsenb.(Non-heat)- KinIdentify mycobacterium & no cardia
◍ Capsule stain. Answer: capsule remains unstained and forms a while ring around stained cell and background-red/pink
◍ endospore stain (heat used).
(vitamins needed)Help fight off pathogen in intestines
◍ Parasitism. Answer: A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits(microbe), and the other is harmed(us)Ex: Strep throat (uses throat as benefit, harm us
◍ Commensalism. Answer: A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits(microbe) and the other(us) is unaffectedEx: Microbes on skin- they don't harm us as long as they're on outside of our skin
◍ antagonism. Answer: no one benefits
◍ Disease Stages - Incubation. Answer: no signs or symptoms
◍ Disease Stages- Prodromal. Answer: early mild symptoms
◍ Disease Stages-Invasive. Answer: Severe symptoms and signs
◍ Disease Stages- Decline. Answer: Symptoms decline
◍ Disease Stages-Convalescence Period. Answer: Almost back to normal
◍ Living reservoirs: People. Answer: Diphtheria, Pertussis, Pneumonia, Streptococcus, Typhoid fever
◍ living reservoirs: Animals. Answer: Anthrax-livestockLyme disease- tickMalaria- Mosquitos, monkeysrabies- dog bitesrickettsia- Tick/fleas
◍ non-living reservoirs: Water. Answer: Cholera- contaminated water(ingest)Cryptosporidiosis- breath in
◍ non-living reservoirs: soil. Answer: tetanus- step on rusty nailbotulism-live in soil-ingest-honey, canned foods
◍ non-living reservoirs: food. Answer: salmonella- improperly cooked food helminths- tapeworms
◍ direct contact transmission. Answer: requires close association between infected and susceptible host-bites, sex, touch
◍ indirect contact transmission. Answer: spreads to a host by a nonliving object called a fomite-doorknobs, skin touch
◍ droplet transmission. Answer: transmission via airborne droplets less than 1 meter
◍ vehicle transmission. Answer: transmission by an inanimate reservoir (food, water, air)
◍ vector transmission. Answer: transmission of an infectious agent by an insect, arthropod, or animal-mechanical- outside body-biological-inside body
◍ vertical transmission. Answer: from parent to child-most common- syphilis
◍ active immunity. Answer: A form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease-causing antigens.
◍ natural acquired immunity. Answer: immunity to a disease that results from having the disease and recovering-getting sick and recovering
◍ artifical immunity (Active). Answer: vaccination
Answer: Group of genes that code for proteins found on the surfaces of cells that help the immune system recognize foreign substances.-MHC I-intracellular antigens to CD8+ T cell-MHC II-extracellular antigens to CD4+ T cells.
◍ dendritic cells. Answer: specialized white blood cells that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections-link b/w innate & adaptive immune system-eat pathogens, carry info to adaptive immune cells
◍ Macrophages. Answer: phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells
◍ T cells. Answer: Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.cell-mediated immune response
◍ Antigen. Answer: A protein that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody
◍ adaptive immunity. Answer: the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them
◍ Helper T cells. Answer: Activate macrophages, B cells and T cells.
◍ T lymphocytes (T cells). Answer: act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells
◍ B lymphocytes (B cells). Answer: Lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow and secretes antibodies.
◍ Cytotoxic T cells. Answer: A type of lymphocyte that kills infected body cells and cancer cells
◍ humoral immune response.
Answer: The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies, which defend against bacteria and viruses in body fluids.
◍ memory b cells function. Answer: circulate the body, proliferate, and response quickly (via antibody synthesis) to eliminate subsequent invasion by same antigen. (2ndary response - takes less time, ~5 days)
◍ Sterilization (inanimate objects). Answer: The process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores.*prep surgical equipment & needles
◍ Disinfection. Answer: A process that eliminates many or all microorganisms, with the exception of bacteria spores, from inanimate objectslysol wipes, cleaning surfaces
◍ antiseptic. Answer: clean, sterile*safe on living tissues(humans)- Cleaning wounds
◍ disinfectant. Answer: any chemical agent used to destroy or inhibit the growth of harmful organismsNot sporesNot everything killed, used on inanimate objects
◍ Sanitization. Answer: removal of pathogens from objects to meet public health standards
◍ Sanitizer. Answer: A substance or preparation for killing germs, designed for use especially on food-processing equipment.eating utensils, cleaning bathrooms
◍ Sporocide. Answer: an agent that kills bacterial endospores or fungal spores
◍ -icide. Answer: germicide-kill germsbactericide-kill bacteriaviricide- kill
◍ alcohols. Answer: -70% more effective-denature proteins(mixed w/ water, w/o water-dehydration)
◍ isopropyl. Answer: disinfect skin
◍ ethylene/ propylene glycol. Answer: aerosols( mattress & petric dishes)
◍ Phenols. Answer: disinfect surfaces &destroy cultures
◍ amylphenol. Answer: destroys vegetative organisms and inactivates viruses on skin and inanimate objects
◍ Chlorhexidine Gluconate. Answer: Perdix-surgical scrub, antibacterial soap, throat lozenges
◍ oxidizing agent (oxidant). Answer: disrupt disulfate bonds
◍ hydrogen peroxide. Answer: clean wounds
◍ potassium permanganate. Answer: disinfect instruments
◍ Alkylating agents. Answer: synthetic chemicals containing alkyl groups that attack DNA, causing strand breaks
◍ Formaldehyde. Answer: inactivate viruses w/ destroying antigenic properties-Used for disinfection and sterilization of medical equipment and as a fumigant in laboratories.
◍ Glutaraldehyde.
Answer: Solution used for high-level disinfection and sterilizationsterilize equipment
◍ Betapropiolactone. Answer: Used to sterilize hospital rooms and animal housing buildings-destroy hep viruses
◍ ethylene oxide. Answer: gas used to sterilize surgical instruments and other supplies
◍ dye. Answer: block cell wall synthesisnot typically used
◍ acridine. Answer: used to clean wounds
◍ crystal violent. Answer: primary stain-treat protozoan & fungal infections
◍ dry heat sterilization. Answer: Requires higher temperature that steam sterilization but longer exposure times. Used for instruments that easily corrodes.-oven, open flame
◍ Moist Heat Sterilization. Answer: Moist heat denatures proteins-autoclaving(15 min)-steam -pressure cooking-sterilize canned foods
◍ Pasteurization. Answer: A process of heating food to a temperature that is high enough to kill most harmful bacteria without changing the taste of the food.-dairy products, beer, fruit juices
◍ Refrigeration. Answer: Artificial cooling that drastically reduces microbial growth of certain bacteria.-slows growth, fresh foods for few days
◍ Freezing. Answer: Change from liquid to solidslows growth- fresh foods for monthsglycerol- preserve microbes
