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WGU C168 Critical Thinking and Logic Refactored
Exam 370 Questions with Verified Answers.
- CORRECT ANSWER bottom-up approach to critical reasoning -Analyzing one's own thinking- breaking it down into its component parts. -Evaluating one's own thinking- identifying its weaknesses while recognizing its strengths. -Improving one's own thinking- reconstructing it to make it better.
- CORRECT ANSWER Critical thinking comprises what three interlinking dimensions? self-directed self-disciplined self-monitored self-corrective - CORRECT ANSWER Critical thinking is characteristically what? the assumption that one's own social group is inherently superior to all others - CORRECT ANSWER sociocentrism Raises vital questions Gathers and assesses relevant information Reaches well-reasoned conclusions and solutions Thinks open-mindedly
Communicates effectively with others - CORRECT ANSWER In reasoning through any problem, a well-cultivated critical thinker: Americans have always done it that way, and as the greatest country in the world, it's always worked for us in the past. How can we trust the engineering work on this building? The structural engineers weren't educated in the U.S. My intuition tells me to turn right here, so I won't bother to look at the map. - CORRECT ANSWER First-order thinking The assumptions we've relied upon may be flawed. Let's review them again. I'd like to talk this over with some colleagues. They may have some insights we are missing. As far as I am concerned, you're headed down the wrong path on this project, and I'm rarely wrong on these matters. I didn't completely understand the repercussions of my original decision, and so now I have changed my mind and I am recommending a new approach.This is an example of second- order thinking, which is self-correcting. - CORRECT ANSWER Second-order thinking Ignore the flaws in their own thinking Often seek to win an argument through intellectual trickery or deceit. Lacks key higher-level skills and values of critical thinking Makes no good faith effort to consider alternative viewpoints. Lacks fair-mindedness
Recognition that one does not—and cannot—know everything Consciousness of one's biases and prejudices Aware of the limitations of one's viewpoint Recognition that one should claim only what one actually knows Awareness that egocentrism is often self-deceiving (i.e., convinces the mind that it knows more than it does) Its Opposite Intellectual arrogance Overestimation of how much one knows No insight into self-deception or into the limitations of one's viewpoint Relationship to Fair-Mindedness Fair-mindedness requires us to first recognize the ignorance and flaws in our own thinking and to comport ourselves accordingly. It requires self-awareness and a willingness to examine the limitations of one's own point of view. Being a fair-minded thinker means habitually applying the standards of reasoning to one's own thinking in an - CORRECT ANSWER Intellectual Humility Characterization Confronting ideas, viewpoints, or beliefs with fairness, even when doing so is painful
Examining fairly beliefs which one has strong negative feelings and toward which one has previously been dismissive Challenging popular belief Leads us to recognize that ideas which society deems dangerous or absurd may hold some truth or justification Fortifies us to confront false or distorted ideas embraced by social groups to which we belong Its Opposite Intellectual cowardice Fear of ideas that do not conform to one's own Deters serious consideration of ideas, beliefs, or viewpoints perceived as dangerous Threatened by ideas when they conflict with our self-identity (e.g., conservative or liberal, believer or nonbeliever, etc.) Relationship to Fair-Mindedness Critical thinkers don't link their self-identities to their beliefs. They define themselves according to how they arrive at their beliefs (i.e., the i - CORRECT ANSWER Intellectual Courage Characterization Inhabiting the perspectives of others in order to genuinely understand them Requirements Ability to reconstruct other people's viewpoints and reasoning
Basic measure: extent to which one's beliefs and actions are consistent (i.e., one doesn't say one thing and do another) it's oppopsite Intellectual dishonesty Marked by contradictions and inconsistencies of which the perpetrator is unconscious Hiding our hypocrisy from ourselves (due to naturally egocentric mind) Regarding ourselves as fair even when we expect others to follow much more rigorous standards than those we impose on ourselves Relationship to Fair-Mindedness Fair-mindedness requires us to think and act in compatible ways Those blind to contradictions and inconsistencies in their own thinking and behavior can't reason well through ethical issues involving t - CORRECT ANSWER Intellectual Integrity Characterization Working one's way through intellectual complexities despite frustrations inherent in doing so Not giving up when confronted by complicated problems that don't lend themselves to easy solutions Hallmarks Reasoning through complex issues carefully and methodically
Following rational principles rather than trusting initial impressions and simplistic answers Realizing that true understanding or insight comes only when one grapples with confusion and unsettled questions over time Its Opposite Intellectual laziness Giving up quickly when confronted with a tough intellectual challenge Reflects a low tolerance for mental struggle or frustration Relationship to Fair-Mindedness Lack of intellectual perseverance impedes fair-mindedness We can't understand others' (complex) viewpoints unless we're willing to undertake the hard intellectual work of reasoning through them - CORRECT ANSWER Intellectual Perseverance Characterization Proceeds from the belief that both the individual's and society's higher interests are best served by unfettered reason Encourages people to arrive at their own conclusions through their own powers of rational thinking Faith that we can learn to: think for ourselves reach well-informed viewpoints draw reasonable conclusions
Its Opposite Intellectual conformity Intellectual dependence Society rewards conformity of thought, which perpetuates the status quo (political, economic, or intellectual), while providing scant incentive for true intellectual autonomy Relationship to Fair-Mindedness Fair-mindedness isn't possible without intellectual autonomy because reasoning things out from others' vantage points requires independent thinking - CORRECT ANSWER Intellectual Autonomy clarity accuracy precision relevance depth breadth logic significance fairness - CORRECT ANSWER List the Standards(Intellectual) consider daily questions like the following:
Did I behave irrationally in order to get my way? Did I try to impose my will on others? Did small things make me irritable? - CORRECT ANSWER How do you deal with your ego Use "wasted" time Handle one problem per day Internalize intellectual standards Keep an intellectual journal Practice intellectual strategies Reshape your character Deal with your ego Redefine the way you see things Get in touch with your emotions Analyze group influences on your life - CORRECT ANSWER What are the series of measures or steps to help aspiring critical thinkers lay a foundation for improving their thinking? what's happening in our life feelings (positive or negative) about what's happening things to pursue or direct our energy toward - CORRECT ANSWER What three kinds of messages to does your mind continually communicate? thinking feeling
desires purposes agendas values motives - CORRECT ANSWER Wanting Critical thinking involves thinking about thinking while thinking in order to make thinking better. - CORRECT ANSWER Which of the following statements best defines critical thinking? analyzing, evaluating, and improving one's own thinking. - CORRECT ANSWER Critical thinking involves_______ reasoning from assumptions that are not one's own - CORRECT ANSWER Which of the following is not a bad habit of thought? The tendency to view everything in relationship to oneself - CORRECT ANSWER egocentrism gathers information that supports his/her presuppositions - CORRECT ANSWER In thinking through a problem, the critical thinker doesn't do what? Synonym for critical thinking - CORRECT ANSWER second-order thinking
weak-sense thinking - CORRECT ANSWER Hiding or distorting evidence illustrates what? depth/speed - CORRECT ANSWER Critical thinking values ________ of thought over ______ of thought. fair-mindedness - CORRECT ANSWER Bringing an unbiased perspective to all relevant viewpoints exemplifies which of the following? intellectual empathy - CORRECT ANSWER The ability to reconstruct others' viewpoints exemplifies which of the following traits? intellectual integrity - CORRECT ANSWER To admit flaws in one's own thinking is an expression of what? intellectual autonomy - CORRECT ANSWER The opposite of intellectual conformity is what? Intuition. Second-order thinking is first-order thinking that is consciously realized (i.e., analyzed, assessed, and reconstructed). First-order thinking relies on intuition rather than reasoned thought. - CORRECT ANSWER What must second-order thinking not include?
Intellectual Humility Intellectual Autonomy Intellectual Integrity Intellectual Courage Intellectual Perseverance Confidence in Reason Intellectual Empathy Fair mindedness - CORRECT ANSWER What are the Intellectual traits?
- CORRECT ANSWER What are the questions implied by the universal structures of thought? -our purpose affects the manner in which we ask questions; --the manner in which we ask questions affects the information we gather;
- the information we gather affects the way we interpret it;
- the way we interpret information affects the way we conceptualize it;
- the way we conceptualize information affects the assumptions we make;
- the assumptions we make affect the implications that follow from our thinking; -the implications that follow from our thinking affect the way we see things—our point of view. - CORRECT ANSWER How do the parts of thinking fit together?
Could you elaborate on that point? Could you express that point in another way? Could you give me an illustration? Could you give me an example? Let me state in my own words what I think you just said. Tell me if I am clear about your meaning. - CORRECT ANSWER What do the questions that focus on Clarity include? Questions focusing on making thinking more precise include: Could you give me more details? Could you be more specific? - CORRECT ANSWER What do the questions that focus on Precision include? Questions focusing on relevance include: How is this idea connected to the question? How does that bear on the issue? How does this idea relate to this other idea? How does your question relate to the issue we are dealing with? - CORRECT ANSWER What do the questions that focus on Relevance include? Questions focusing on depth of thought include: How does your answer address the complexities in the question?
What is the most significant information we need to address this issue? How is that fact important in context? Which of these questions is the most significant? Which of these ideas or concepts is the most important? - CORRECT ANSWER What do the questions that focus on Significance include? Questions that focus on ensuring that thinking is fair include: Is my thinking justified given the evidence? Am I taking into account the weight of the evidence that others might advance in the situation? Are these assumptions justified? Is my purpose fair given the implications of my behavior? Is the manner in which I am addressing the problem fair—or is my vested interest keeping me from considering the problem from alternative viewpoints? Am I using concepts justifiably, or am I using them unfairly to manipulate someone (to selfishly get what I want)? - CORRECT ANSWER What do the questions that focus on Fairness include?
- CORRECT ANSWER How do critical thinkers routinely apply the intellectual standards to the elements of reasoning? Truthful information that is employed to pursue more knowledge and/or is acted upon. - CORRECT ANSWER Activated Knowledge
Take time to state the question at issue clearly and precisely. Express the question in several ways to clarify its meaning and scope. Break the question into sub-questions (when you can). Identify the type of question you are dealing with (historical, economic, biological, etc.) and whether the question has one right answer, is a matter of mere opinion, or requires reasoning from more than one point of view. Think-through the complexities of the question (think-through the question deeply). - CORRECT ANSWER How does one ensure that all reasoning is an attempt to figure out something, to settle some question, solve some problem? Clearly identify your assumptions and determine whether they are justifiable. Consider how your assumptions are shaping your point of view. - CORRECT ANSWER How does one ensure that all reasoning is based on assumptions? Clearly identify your point of view. Seek other relevant points of view and identify their strengths as well as weaknesses. Strive to be fair-minded in evaluating all points of view. - CORRECT ANSWER How does one ensure that all reasoning is done from some point of view? Restrict your claims to those supported by the data you have.
