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WGU C175/D426 DATA MANAGEMENT FOUNDATIONS OA, Exams of Advanced Education

The University of ArizonaAdvanced Education

WGU C175/D426 DATA MANAGEMENT FOUNDATIONS OA

Typology: Exams

2025/2026

Available from 01/28/2026

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WGU C175/D426 DATA MANAGEMENT FOUNDATIONS OA
| ACTUAL EXA
2 LATEST VERSIONS 104 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS
1 / 12
1.
In what two ways does a DBMS en-
vironment increase effectiveness in
working with data?
2.
A company posts an internet-based
newsletter about their products. What
advantage will this company gain
from the relational database manage-
ment system that will store customer
information?
3.
What is the method of organizing at-
tributes into tables?
4.
What should a company expect from
implementing a business intelligence
system?
-
Enables
Data
Sharing
-
Storage
of
vast
volumes
of
data
Improved
query
response
time
Data
NORMALIZATION
-
Financial:
Increased
profitability
-
Productivity: Increased throughput, decreased
workloads
-
Trust: greater
satisfaction
-
Risk:
improved
visibility
5.
What
is
a
relational
model?
A
database
model
based
on
mathematical
princi-
ples
6.
What are the 3 mathematical con-
cepts of the relational model?
-
Domain
-
Tuple
-
Relation
7.
Define:
Domain
Set
of
values
=
'Data
Type'
8.
Define: Tuple
Finite sequence of values pulled from a fixed do-
main = 'Row'
9.
Define: Relation
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2 LATEST VERSIONS 104 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS

  1. In what two ways does a DBMS en- vironment increase effectiveness in working with data?
  2. A company posts an internet-based newsletter about their products. What advantage will this company gain from the relational database manage- ment system that will store customer information?
  3. What is the method of organizing at- tributes into tables?
  4. What should a company expect from implementing a business intelligence system? - Enables Data Sharing - Storage of vast volumes of data Improved query response time Data NORMALIZATION - Financial: Increased profitability - Productivity: Increased throughput, decreased workloads - Trust: greater satisfaction - Risk: improved visibility
  5. What is a relational model? A database model based on mathematical princi- ples
  6. What are the 3 mathematical con- cepts of the relational model? - Domain - Tuple - Relation
  7. Define: Domain Set of values = 'Data Type'
  8. Define: Tuple Finite sequence of values pulled from a fixed do- main = 'Row'
  9. Define: Relation

2 LATEST VERSIONS 104 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS

A named set of tuples, all from same domain = 'Table'

  1. A tuple position is called a: Attribute
  2. How is cardinality depicted in a dia- gram for many, one, and zero?
  3. Difference between Unary and Bina- ry:
    • Many = Crow's Foot
    • One = a bar across the end of a relationship (--||--)
    • Zero = Circle
    • Unary: One entity involved in relationship (one box, one line)
    • Binary: Two entities (two boxes combined by one line)
  4. If an entity is mandatory, how is it de- With a single vertical line through the relationship picted in an ER diagram?
  5. What does an 'M' mean when shown on an entity in an ER diagram? line Mandatory
  6. What does a 'PI' mean when shown on Primary Identifier - used for attribute(s) that an entity in an ER diagram?
  7. How are maxima and minima depict- ed in an ER diagram? uniquely identify the whole entity Maxima is the first letter/number shown (outside of the entity) and Minima is the letter next to it in parentheses
  8. Define: Singular Attribute Each entity instance has at most ONE attribute in- stance
  9. Define: Plural Attribute Each entity instance can have MANY attribute in- stances

2 LATEST VERSIONS 104 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS

What does cardinality refer to? How does it appear on ER diagram?

  1. What does modality refer to? How does it appear on ER diagram? Refers to the MAXIMUM number of times an in- stance in one entity can be associated with instance of another entity (Maxima) Appears as a 1 or M on the relationship line, closest to entity Refers to the MINIMUM number of times an in- stance in one entity can be associated with instance of another entity (minima) Appears as a 0 or 1 on the relationship line, next to cardinality
  2. Define: Referential Integrity Requires that ALL foreign key values must either be fully NULL or match some primary key value
  3. 4 Ways Referential Integrity can be vi- 1. Primary key is updated olated:
  4. 4 Actions to Correct Referential In- tegrity Violation:
  5. What is an important aspect to refer- ential integrity?
    1. Foreign key is updated
    2. Row containing primary key is DELETED
    3. Row containing foreign key is INSERTED
    4. RESTRICT - rejects an insert, update, or delete
    5. SET NULL - sets invalid foreign keys to null
    6. SET DEFAULT - sets invalid foreign keys to a default primary value
    7. CASCADE - propagates primary key changes to foreign keys reference to data in one relation is based on values in another relation
  6. What is a broad definition of data? Raw facts captured on printed or digital media
  7. What are data?

2 LATEST VERSIONS 104 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS

  1. What is a determining characteristic of unstructured data? Facts that are collected and stored in a database system It does not follow a data model
  2. What is true about flat files? - They contain no internal hierarchical organization
  3. How were data retrieved before data- Sequentially from simple files base management systems?
  4. What is an attribute or group of attrib- Primary Key utes that uniquely identify a tuple in a relation?
  5. What is necessary for a primary key in A domain of values one relation of a database to match with its corresponding foreign key in another relation of the same data- base?
  6. What uniquely identifies each entity in Alternate Key a collection of entities but is not the primary key?
  7. What is the term for a set of columns in a table that can uniquely identify any record in that table without refer- ring to other data?
  8. What happens to the original data in database indexing? Candidate Key It is copied to the index

2 LATEST VERSIONS 104 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS

  • Scope
  • History
  1. Define: Volatility; How it applies to Op- - Database updates in real time erational? Analytical?
  2. Define: Detail; How it applies to oper- ational and analytical DB?
  • Operational Data is Volatile
  • Analytical Data is NOT Volatile
  • A database that keeps record of individual trans- actions; line items
  • Operational: Detailed
  • Analytical: Detailed
  1. Define: Scope; How it applies to oper- - How far a database can reach ational and analytical DB?
  2. Define: History; How it applies to op- erational and analytical DB?
  3. Data warehouses are refreshed peri- odically with a 5 - step process:
  4. What happens during Extraction? (ETL)
  • Operational: incompatible
  • Analytical: Enterprise-Wide/Summary
  • Whether DB is current or tracks all data
  • Operational: Current only
  • Analytical: Tracks trends
  1. Extraction
  2. Cleanse
  3. Integrate
  4. Restructure
  5. Load Data extracted and put into staging area
  6. What happens during Cleanse? (ETL) Errors are eliminated from data; standard abbrevi- ations applied
  7. What happens during Integrate? (ETL)

2 LATEST VERSIONS 104 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS

  1. What happens during Restructure? (ETL) Data is put into a uniform structure; Data converted to uniform structure Data is structured in a design that is optimal for analysis
  2. What happens during Load? (ETL) Data is loaded to the data warehouse
  3. What is an issue that is focused on the Monitor refreshing volume and frequency 'Load' component of ETL?
  4. During which step in the ETL Process, is raw data aggregated?
  5. What are the 6 different data mining activities?
  6. Define: Clustering & Segmentation - when is it helpful? Transformation steps
    1. Clustering & Segmentation
    2. Classification
    3. Estimation
    4. Prediction
    5. Aflnity Grouping
    6. Description
    • Taking large entity and dividing into smaller groups of entities
    • Useful when unsure of what looking for
  7. Define: Classification (Data Mining) - Organizing data into predefined classes
  8. Define: Estimation (Data Mining) - Assigning a numeric value to an object
  9. Define: Prediction (Data Mining) - Classifying objects according to an expected fu- ture behavior
  10. Define: Affinity Grouping

2 LATEST VERSIONS 104 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS

What are the different types of major Joins?

- LEFT JOIN

- RIGHT JOIN

- INNER JOIN

- FULL JOIN

  1. What do joins do? Joins usually compare the foreign key of one table to the primary key of another table (but can join any columns) - joining together data from two tables into one table
  2. LEFT JOIN selects all the rows from the left table, and only matching rows from the right table
  3. RIGHT JOIN selects all the rows from the right table, and only matching rows from the left table
  4. OUTER JOIN Any join that selects unmatched rows; LEFT, RIGHT, or FULL JOINS
  5. INNER JOIN Joins together only rows that match from both ta- bles - contains no unmatched rows
  6. FULL JOIN Fully joins two tables together, even unmatched rows - places a NULL in any cell that does not match the other table
  7. What is the difference between Signed and Unsigned data?
    • SIGNED: a number that may be negative
    • UNSIGNED: a number that can NOT be negative
  8. CHAR vs. VARCHAR - CHAR: Fixed number of characters
    • VARCHAR: Variable length of characters
  9. A record consists of a: set of one or more fields

2 LATEST VERSIONS 104 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS

  1. What functions does the DBMS per- form to guarantee integrity and con- sistency of the data in a database?
  2. A pet owner can have many pets; a specific pet is linked to one pet own- er. What is the binary relationship de- scribed?
  3. Database models were developed to ?
    • Data Integrity Management
    • Data storage mangagement
    • Security management One-To-Many model real-world events or conditions
  4. The entity integrity rule requires: All primary keys must be unique
  5. A table is perceived as a. Two-dimensional structure
  6. A table can be logically connected to another table by defining a.
  7. We can describe a link by observing that.
  8. An attribute (or group of attributes) that uniquely identifies each entity in a table is called: common attribute A primary key of one table appears again as a foreign key in a related table A superkey
  9. A foreign key must: Match a primary key in a related table
  10. The ERD is used to graphically repre- sent the database model. Conceptual
  11. A derived attribute. need not be physically stored within the database