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WGU C268 SPREADSHEETS USEFUL FORMULA
GUIDE COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2026
โ Horizontal Application. Answer: Software that provides solutions based upon the common needs of many businesses. โ Vertical Application. Answer: Software that designed for a specific business. โ Software. Answer: Provides instructions to computers to perform tasks. โ Low-Level Programming Language. Answer: Basic programming languages that used machine language instruction; they are specific to the hardware and lack portability. โ Dumb Terminal/Thin Client. Answer: A terminal that depends on the host computer for its processing power โ optical character recognition (OCR). Answer: Reads machine printed text; used for time cards.
โ Intelligent Character Recognition (ICR). Answer: Reads handwritten text; more advanced form of optical character recognition (OCR). โ UNIX. Answer: An operating system designed to code computer instructions in a mainframe environment. โ Workstation. Answer: A powerful computer system that can handle intensive mathematical operations; often used by engineers. โ Mashup. Answer: Occurs when software is mixed and matched to develop a customized application โ Field. Answer: An attribute of an entity, such as name, address, or student ID. โ Tuple/Record. Answer: A record of data set in a row. โ Query Language. Answer: Provides instructions and procedures to retrieve data from a database. โ Primary Key. Answer: A field that uniquely identifies a record, such as customer ID or student ID.
โ relational database. Answer: type of database in which multiple information files are combined into one database in one location, where data are stored in two-dimensional tables known as relations and contain multiple entities and attributes โ Object-Oriented Database. Answer: A database that is designed to store mixed media, as opposed to tables in relational databases. โ Conceptual Data Model. Answer: a map of concepts and their relationships used for databases. โ Logical Data Model. Answer: Provides foundation for designing a database โ Physical Data Model. Answer: a representation of a data design as implemented, or intended to be implemented, in a database management system โ Pointers. Answer: Used to show the relationship between data fields and tables. โ Referential Integrity. Answer: Table relationships must always be consistent; for an entity or object to exist in a table, an equal value must exist in the referenced table; the primary and foreign keys must be equal.
โ Types of relationships in a relational database model. Answer: One-to-One, One-to-Many, and Many-to-Many โ Data Manipulation Language. Answer: A language that allows users to easily modify the data in a database. โ Data Warehousing. Answer: a system used for reporting and data analysis, and is considered a core component of business intelligence; data is stored in one place. โ data mart. Answer: smaller subset database from a data warehouse typically focused on a single area or function. โ Extraction, transformation, and loading (ETL). Answer: a process in which data is extracted from a computer, transformed (or cleansed) into a format appropriate for the data warehouse, and then transferred to the data warehouse. โ Direct Move. Answer: Data that does not need to be transformed being transferred to a data warehouse. โ Data mining. Answer: process of identifying hidden patterns and relationships in structured databases and applying rules to that data in order to predict future behavior.
โ Data Administrator. Answer: Responsible for determining and monitoring employees' access to the company's database management system (DBMS). โ Information Policy Administrator. Answer: Responsible for acquiring, organizing, and distributing organizational information internally. โ Data Dictionary. Answer: Stores and manages all of the information about the database, or the metadata. โ Three V's of Big Data. Answer: Volume, Variety, and Velocity; Volume refers to the amount of data, variety refers to the number of types of data, and velocity refers to the speed of data processing (real-time analytics). โ Health Analytics Tools. Answer: through smartphone sensors or wearable peripheral devices. Data from these devices is collected, analyzed, and used to help a user to understand, improve, and maintain, or automatically report, their health to their health professionals. โ Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Answer: Using connections to numerous databases containing data concerning
locations, crimes, taxes, traffic, votes, and environmental and life science data, geospatial analysis can help government administrators to understand demographic trends, population density changes, attribute concentrations โ wide area network (WAN). Answer: connection b/w small networks that create a large network that typically connects business campuses consisting of computer systems across large distances โ Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). Answer: VoIP is a type of broadband application, similar to video, in which voice calls are transmitted over the Internet. โ Public Switch Telephone Network (PSTN). Answer: The entire interconnected voice telephone network around the world. It is switched based. โ Protocols. Answer: used to ensure the quality and accuracy of the transmission, and that the transmission is understood by the receiving device. โ Bridge. Answer: a device that connects and passes packets between two network segments that use the same communications protocol; can be used to boost Wi-Fi strength in areas of low signal quality.
โ Repeaters. Answer: Receive and retransmit/amplify data at a higher power to it can go a longer distance. โ Tangible User Interface. Answer: An interface in which a person interacts with digital information through the physical environment โ Virtual Network. Answer: Create peer-to-peer connections between computers. โ mesh network. Answer: network topology in which each node relays data for the network โ TCP/IP. Answer: most common protocol which establishes the connection, and data packet quality transmission. The first two bytes are assigned by the Internet Service Provider (ISP), and the last two bytes are assigned by the client. โ Open System Interconnection (OSI). Answer: consists of seven layers and is an international standard that governs or guides the development of data communication protocols the seven layers are: application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and physical.
โ Telecommunications Network. Answer: Enables the exchange of information between end users across nodes and links. โ Star network. Answer: Router in middle of each computer connected to the router/hub. โ ring network. Answer: each computer connected to the next computer; cheaper to install; less effiecient. โ network host. Answer: node/computer connected with an IP address โ Convergence. Answer: the ability for a telecommunication network to carry voice, data, and video โ Sniffing. Answer: eavesdropping on network traffic in order to acquire traffic data packets and decoding. The information gathered can be used to hack into a network; the most common attack, as signals travel through the air โ Extranet. Answer: an intranet that can be partially accessed by authorized outside users, enabling businesses to exchange information over the Internet securely.
โ Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2). Answer: Provides even stronger security than the original. โ Radio Frequency Survey. Answer: Used to determine wireless access point locations based upon signal strength. โ Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). Answer: An automatic electronic exchange of data and documents from one computer system to another through a standardized messaging format that does not require human intervention. โ Network Address Translation (NAT). Answer: Allows private users to redefine network addresses to assign their own addresses. โ Spoofing. Answer: The creation of Internet Protocol (IP) packets with a false source IP address, for the purpose of hiding the identity of the sender or impersonating another computing system; elicits a response from the network. โ Scalability. Answer: The ability to grow โ Passive Tags. Answer: A passive tag is an RFID tag that does not contain a battery; the power is supplied by the reader.
โ Hertz. Answer: A measurement of frequency โ Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Answer: a wireless network consisting of spatially distributed autonomous devices using sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions โ hypervisor. Answer: An expensive application used to improve network performance without having to physically change the network; runs virtual machines. โ IPv6. Answer: The latest IP iteration, it was developed to increase the number of unique IP addresses, as each device that connects to the Internet needs its own IP address and there were not enough to accommodate future devices. โ Packet Switched Data Networks (PSDN). Answer: The standard for current telecommunication networks. โ Quality of Service (QoS). Answer: Used to ensure voice or circuit switched communication quality. โ System Development Life Cycle (SDLC). Answer: Analysis Phase
- Identify problems, root cause, opportunities, and objectives
development; used when system requirements are clearly documented and unlikely to change. โ Spiral Model (SDLC). Answer: risk-driven process model generator for software projects. Based on the unique risk patterns of a given project, the spiral model guides a team to adopt elements of one or more process models, such as incremental, waterfall, or evolutionary prototyping. โ Fountain Model (SDLC). Answer: Like the waterfall model, but this one allows for going back to previous steps. โ Build and fix model (SDLC). Answer: the simplest SDLC model allowing for code to be incrementally modified and implemented until successful. โ prototyping model (SDLC). Answer: requires the development of a scaled prototype that can be tested prior to full-scale development โ End-user development (SDLC). Answer: fourth-generation languages that enable end users to develop systems and solutions with little or no assistance from professional technical specialists.
โ Agile development (SDLC). Answer: encourages adaptive planning and development, fast delivery, continuous improvement, and flexibility in response to change. (interactive) โ Rapid application development (RAD). Answer: software development focuses on the development's process, with limited emphasis on the planning process and uses prototypes. โ critical path method (CPM). Answer: step-by-step process planning technique that defines the critical and noncritical tasks within a project in order to reduce or minimize process delays and time-related problems. โ Modular Design. Answer: a design approach that subdivides a system into smaller parts called modules or skids, that can be independently created and then used in different systems. โ data-flow model. Answer: describes how data moves and is processed by the proposed system under development. โ system-oriented (system evaluation). Answer: which is the ability of an information system to discriminate between files or data that are relevant to a user query, and those which are not relevant.
โ Risks. Answer: the potential for loss, commonly associated with the monetary and non-monetary impact to such a risk, as well as the probability of occurrence. โ Risk Management (system security). Answer: Investment in risk aversion preparedness. โ Vulnerabilities. Answer: weakness in the technology, process, and procedure, or people involved with any given information asset โ Threats. Answer: identified and unidentified actors that have the potential for attacking the information assets. (Internal, External) โ Attacks. Answer: damaging or potentially damaging acts that are the product of an attacker's process, which may include: reconnaissance, scanning, gaining and maintaining access, escalating privileges, building backdoors, and destroying evidence โ Social engineering. Answer: normally low tech attacks used to trick individuals into disclosing information, providing access, or changing their patterns. Examples include phishing, spear-phishing (i.e. targeted phishing), dumpster diving, baiting, tailgating, and quid pro quo.
โ Organizational risk factors. Answer: Risks that stem from hierarchies, policies, and procedures. These factors naturally allow organizations to operate as successful businesses, but also help to define categories risks, vulnerabilities, and threats, and create targets for criminals โ Cold sites. Answer: Offsite office space awaiting occupancy, equipment, personnel, and utility service, allowing recovery within days. โ Warm sites. Answer: Offsite office space with available systems and service connections, requiring staffing and updates allowing recovery within hours to days. โ Hot sites. Answer: Offsite office space with available and up-to- date systems and service connections, requiring only adequate or prioritized staffing, allowing recovery within minutes to hours. โ PERT Chart. Answer: A chart that represents tasks using an activity-on-arrow diagram; not a process description tool โ System on a Chip (SoC). Answer: A modern microprocessor that contain the CPU, memory, and peripheral interfaces; a miniature computer; an example is the Raspberry Pi.
