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Foundations Final Exam | Certification-Ready.
Loop - Answer: >>A program construct that repeatedly executes the loop's statements (known as the loop body) while the loop's expression is true; when false, execution proceeds past the loop. Each time through a loop's statements is called an iteration. Infinite loop - Answer: >>A loop that never stops iterating. A common error is to accidentally create an infinite loop, often by forgetting to update a variable in the body, or by creating a loop expression whose evaluation to false isn't always reachable. Sentinel value - Answer: >>A special value indicating the end of a list, such as a list of positive integers ending with 0, as in 1 0 1 6 3 0. While loop - Answer: >>A loop that repeatedly executes the loop body while the loop's expression evaluates to true. For loop - Answer: >>A loop consisting of a loop variable initialization, a loop expression, and a loop variable update that typically describes iterating for a specific number of times. Nested loop - Answer: >>A loop that appears in the body of another loop. The nested loops are commonly referred to as the inner loop and outer loop.
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Do-while loop - Answer: >>A loop that first executes the loop body's statements, then checks the loop condition. Compared to a while loop, a do-while loop is useful when the loop should iterate at least once. Function definition - Answer: >>Consists of the new function's name and a block of statements. The function's name can be any valid identifier. Function call - Answer: >>An invocation of a function's name, causing the function's statements to execute. Parameter - Answer: >>A function input specified in a function definition. Example: A pizza area function might have diameter as an input. Argument - Answer: >>A value provided to a function's parameter during a function call. Example: A pizza area function might be called as PrintPizzaArea(12.0). Modular development - Answer: >>The process of dividing a program into separate modules that can be developed and tested separately and then integrated into a single program. Function stub - Answer: >>A function definition whose statements have not yet been written.
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Agile approach (spiral approach) - Answer: >>In contrast, a program can be built by doing small amounts of each SDLC phases in sequence, and then repeating. Universal Modeling Language (UML) - Answer: >>A modeling language for software design that uses different types of diagrams to visualize the structure and behavior of programs. UML consists of several structural and behavioral diagrams. Structural diagram - Answer: >>Visualizes static elements of software, such as the types of variables and functions used in the program. Behavioral diagram - Answer: >>Visualizes dynamic behavior of software, such as the flow of an algorithm. Activity diagram - Answer: >>A flowchart used to describe the flow of an activity or set of activities. Use case diagram - Answer: >>A behavioral diagram used to visually model how a user interacts with a software program. Actions from users and the accompanying actions in software, as well as connections between different components of the software, are illustrated in a use case diagram. Use case diagrams are often used to specify behavioral requirements of programs. Class diagram - Answer: >>A structural diagram that can be used to visually model the classes of a computer program, including member variables and
Foundations Final Exam | Certification-Ready.
functions. A class is a code blueprint for creating an object that is composed of data members and functions (sometimes called methods) that operate on those data members. Sequence diagram - Answer: >>A behavioral diagram that shows interaction between software components and indicates the order of events. These diagrams are commonly used to illustrate the sequence of events needed to handle a particular scenario in software. Compiled language - Answer: >>First converted by a tool (compiler) into machine code, which can run on a particular machine. Examples include C, C++, and Java. Interpreted language (scripting language) - Answer: >>A language that is run one statement at a time by another program called an interpreter. Examples include Python, Javascript, C#, and MATLAB. Statically typed - Answer: >>Each variable's type must be declared and cannot change while the program runs. (Static means unchanging). C, C++, and Java are popular examples. Dynamically typed - Answer: >>A variable's type may change while a program executes, usually based on what is assigned to the variable. (Dynamic means changing). Python is a popular example.
Foundations Final Exam | Certification-Ready.
Input - Answer: >>A program gets data, perhaps from a file, keyboard, touchscreen, network, etc. Process - Answer: >>A programs performs computations on that data, such as adding two values like x + y. Output - Answer: >>A programs puts that data somewhere, such as to a file, screen, network, etc. Computational thinking - Answer: >>Creating a sequence of instructions to solve a problem. Algorithm - Answer: >>A sequence of instructions that solves a problem. Statement - Answer: >>Carries out some action and executing one at a time. String literal - Answer: >>Consists of text (characters) within double quotes, as in "Go #57!". Cursor - Answer: >>Indicates where the next output item will be placed in the output.
Foundations Final Exam | Certification-Ready.
Newline - Answer: >>A special two-character sequence \n whose appearance in an output string literal causes the cursor to move to the next output line. The newline exists invisibly in the output. Comment - Answer: >>Text added to a program, read by humans to understand the code, but ignored by the program when executed. Whitespace - Answer: >>Refers to blank spaces (space and tab characters) between items within a statement, and to newlines. Whitespace helps improve readability for humans, but for execution purposes is mostly ignored. Pseudocode - Answer: >>Text that resembles a program in a real programming language but is simplified to aid human understanding. Assignment statement - Answer: >>Assigns a variable with a value, such as x = 5. An assignment statement's left side must be a variable. The right side is an expression.Examples: x = 5, y = a, or z = w + 2. = - Answer: >>In programming, = is an assignment of a left-side variable with a right-side value. It does not represent equality like in mathematics. Variable declaration - Answer: >>Declares a new variable, specifying the variable's name and type.
Foundations Final Exam | Certification-Ready.
Note about integer literal - Answer: >>Commas are not allowed, so 1,333, must be written as 1333555. Incremental development - Answer: >>The process of writing, compiling, and testing a small amount of code, then writing, compiling, and testing a small amount more (an incremental amount), and so on. Floating-point number - Answer: >>A real number, like 98.6, 0.0001, or - 666.667. Floating-point literal - Answer: >>A number with a fractional part, even if that fraction is 0, such as 1.0, 0.0, or 99.573. Function - Answer: >>A list of statements executed by invoking the function's name, with such invoking known as a function call. Type conversion - Answer: >>A conversion of one data type to another, such as an integer to a float. Implicit conversion - Answer: >>When a program automatically performs several common conversions between integer and float types (as well as others). Type cast - Answer: >>Converts a value of one type to another type.
Foundations Final Exam | Certification-Ready.
String - Answer: >>A sequence of characters, like "Hello". Boolean - Answer: >>Refers to a quantity that has only two possible values, true or false. Array - Answer: >>An ordered list of items of a given data type, like an array of integers or an array of floats. Array indices start from 0, not 1. Constant - Answer: >>A named value item that holds a value that cannot change. Element - Answer: >>Each item in an array. Index - Answer: >>In an array, each element's location number. Scalar variable - Answer: >>A single-item (non-array) variable. Branch - Answer: >>A sequence of statements only executed under a certain condition. Nested branches - Answer: >>A branch's statements can include any valid statements, including another if-else branch.
