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WGU C724 Information Systems
Management
Executive information system - ✔✔✔ A system that facilitates and supports senior managerial decisions. Data - ✔✔✔ Unorganized data that lacks meaning. Information - ✔✔✔ Data that has been organized in a meaningful manner. Information system - ✔✔✔ An integrated network of components working together to convert data into useful information; includes an input, a process, and an output; comprised of people, processes, machines, and information technology. Knowledge - ✔✔✔ The practical application of information. Data, Information, and Knowledge example - ✔✔✔ Data: The number of people below the poverty line in the region is 50,000. Information: The number of people below the poverty line increases between 2010 and 2018. Knowledge: The number of people below the poverty line has increased due to stagnating wages and cuts to social programs. Decision support system - ✔✔✔ This system uses models and statistical analysis to help decision makers solve problems Management information system (MIS) - ✔✔✔ Provides timely and accurate information that enables managers to manage their departments more efficiently; analyzes performance. Transaction processing system - ✔✔✔ information system used for processing patient admissions, employee time cards, and purchase orders
Information management - ✔✔✔ The management of organizational processes and systems; helps the organization reduce costs and adds value to products; helps the organization make better managerial decisions; stores and processes data. Information technology - ✔✔✔ The use of computer and telecommunications systems for storing, retrieving, and sending information; comprised of hardware, software, data, and networks. Information technology management - ✔✔✔ the management of hardware, software, data, networks, and people that facilitate access to information and allow the organization to achieve business objectives. Strategic information system - ✔✔✔ provide tools used by an organization to accomplish specific tasks to gain competitive advantage. Social Networking and interpersonal skills. - ✔✔✔ Enhances interpersonal and relationship-forming skills. Porters 5 competitive forces - ✔✔✔ Intensity competitive rivalry Bargaining power of customers Bargaining power of suppliers Threat of new entrants Threat of substitutes Network economics (network-based strategy) - ✔✔✔ the cost of adding another business participant to a business venture is small, the potential gain is great. Business ecosystems - ✔✔✔ Network of businesses involved in delivering a product through mutual cooperation. Product differentiation (business strategy) - ✔✔✔ offering a higher quality product to differentiate from others in the market Growth (business strategy) - ✔✔✔ adding new products or new enhancements to existing products
Systems Analyst - ✔✔✔ A change agent who uses design and analysis techniques to solve organizational problems using information technology; they report about system development and keep others informed; should understand overall business processes; focuses on analysis, design, and implementation Information Security Analyst - ✔✔✔ Their goal is to ensure that data and systems are secure to prevent breaches. Information Security - ✔✔✔ The concept of protecting valuable information assets. Project Manager - ✔✔✔ They deliver quality systems on time, manage the budget, and plan for the unexpected (they do not train new users). Gantt chart - ✔✔✔ A visual view of tasks scheduled over time; used for planning projects. Dashboard - ✔✔✔ A system that is the culmination of information from many data sources, allowing management to perform a thorough analysis. Cultural Particularism - ✔✔✔ A societal norm that emotionally ties people to local brands or habits. Network Engineer - ✔✔✔ Responsible for the layout, installation, and maintenance of all information technology network components. Success of strategic information systems projects - ✔✔✔ A majority fail to meet schedule or budget Organizational features that can change the company direction - ✔✔✔ Processes, politics, culture, and environment Global Business Strategies that form their organizational and information systems structure - ✔✔✔ transnational, multinational, franchisers, domestic exporter
Transnational - ✔✔✔ a commercial enterprise that operates substantial facilities, does business in more than one country and does not consider any particular country its national home. Multinational - ✔✔✔ an organization that owns or controls production of goods or services in one or more countries other than their home country. Database Management System (DBMS) - ✔✔✔ Allows multiple departments to access, analyze, and modify data that is stored in one central location. Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) - ✔✔✔ Helps establish feasibility. Platform as a Service (paas) - ✔✔✔ service provider provides server space, the server, virtualization, operating system, database, and development environment in a platform that can be used for application development. An example would be Amazon Web Services. Infrastructure as a Service (iaas) - ✔✔✔ A service provider provides a cloud fabric, or pooled services, including server space, servers, storage, and all other aspects of the computing platform, with the exception of the operating system and applications, which the client organization would install and manage. Analytics as a Service (aaas) - ✔✔✔ A cloud software service Software as a Service (saas) - ✔✔✔ Software licensed and hosted on centralized or distributed servers that belong to a service provider. Users access this software using a connection to the Internet and a web browser. Agile software development methodology - ✔✔✔ an operational method by which software developers iteratively gather requirements, plan, design, develop, test, and implement software. Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) - ✔✔✔ common set of best practices widely used by businesses to give guidance to companies on how to use IT as a tool for implementing change
Third generation computer languages (3gls) - ✔✔✔ high-level programming languages such as FORTRAN, COBOL, C, Java, C++, and C# Java - ✔✔✔ An open-standard software language used for client-server internal applications. COBOL - ✔✔✔ The first computer language; developed in the 1950s; still used today. Fourth generation computer languages (4GL) - ✔✔✔ software tools that help reduce the amount of procedural knowledge that is needed about how computers operate and lets end users create programs as needed; SQL is a 4GL. Structured Query Language (SQL) - ✔✔✔ A computing language that is used with relational databases. Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DRAM) - ✔✔✔ The main memory of a computer system; requires constant refreshing. Static Random-Access Memory (SRAM) - ✔✔✔ Retains memory for as long as power is being supplied; does not need to be constantly refreshed; used to access the most frequently used data, as it is faster. Horizontal Application - ✔✔✔ Software that provides solutions based upon the common needs of many businesses. Vertical Application - ✔✔✔ Software that designed for a specific business. Software - ✔✔✔ Provides instructions to computers to perform tasks. Low-Level Programming Language - ✔✔✔ Basic programming languages that used machine language instruction; they are specific to the hardware and lack portability. Dumb Terminal/Thin Client - ✔✔✔ A terminal that depends on the host computer for its processing power
Optical character recognition (OCR) - ✔✔✔ Reads machine printed text; used for time cards. Intelligent Character Recognition (ICR) - ✔✔✔ Reads handwritten text; more advanced form of optical character recognition (OCR). UNIX - ✔✔✔ An operating system designed to code computer instructions in a mainframe environment. Workstation - ✔✔✔ A powerful computer system that can handle intensive mathematical operations; often used by engineers. Mashup - ✔✔✔ Occurs when software is mixed and matched to develop a customized application Field - ✔✔✔ An attribute of an entity, such as name, address, or student ID. Tuple/Record - ✔✔✔ A record of data set in a row. Query Language - ✔✔✔ Provides instructions and procedures to retrieve data from a database. Primary Key - ✔✔✔ A field that uniquely identifies a record, such as customer ID or student ID. Foreign Key - ✔✔✔ Field that is a primary key to another table. Schema - ✔✔✔ The complete description of the database. Variable - ✔✔✔ a data type or simply type is a classification of data which tells the compiler or interpreter how the programmer intends to use the data; can become incompatible with data warehouse design. Flat File Database - ✔✔✔ Stores data in plain text, holding one record; cannot contain multiple tables like a relational database.
Data Manipulation Language - ✔✔✔ A language that allows users to easily modify the data in a database. Data Warehousing - ✔✔✔ a system used for reporting and data analysis, and is considered a core component of business intelligence; data is stored in one place. Data mart - ✔✔✔ smaller subset database from a data warehouse typically focused on a single area or function. Extraction, transformation, and loading (ETL) - ✔✔✔ a process in which data is extracted from a computer, transformed (or cleansed) into a format appropriate for the data warehouse, and then transferred to the data warehouse. Direct Move - ✔✔✔ Data that does not need to be transformed being transferred to a data warehouse. Data mining - ✔✔✔ process of identifying hidden patterns and relationships in structured databases and applying rules to that data in order to predict future behavior. Web Mining - ✔✔✔ process of identifying hidden patterns and relationships in non-structured databases, such as the Internet, and applying rules to that data in order to predict future behavior. Text mining - ✔✔✔ High-quality information is typically derived through the devising of patterns and trends through means such as statistical pattern learning. Partitioning - ✔✔✔ Dividing a database into more manageable segments. Master Data - ✔✔✔ Objects shared across the enterprise; it is key to accurate business reporting and analysis
Data Governance - ✔✔✔ Concerned with the management of data, including maximizing quality through effective utilization, availability, and protection. Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD) - ✔✔✔ Illustrates the relationships among all of the tables in a database. Database Administrator - ✔✔✔ Responsible for the creation and management of the entire database management system (DBMS). Data Administrator - ✔✔✔ Responsible for determining and monitoring employees' access to the company's database management system (DBMS). Information Policy Administrator - ✔✔✔ Responsible for acquiring, organizing, and distributing organizational information internally. Data Dictionary - ✔✔✔ Stores and manages all of the information about the database, or the metadata. Three V's of Big Data - ✔✔✔ Volume, Variety, and Velocity; Volume refers to the amount of data, variety refers to the number of types of data, and velocity refers to the speed of data processing (real-time analytics). Health Analytics Tools - ✔✔✔ through smartphone sensors or wearable peripheral devices. Data from these devices is collected, analyzed, and used to help a user to understand, improve, and maintain, or automatically report, their health to their health professionals. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) - ✔✔✔ Using connections to numerous databases containing data concerning locations, crimes, taxes, traffic, votes, and environmental and life science data, geospatial analysis can help government administrators to understand demographic trends, population density changes, attribute concentrations Wide area network (WAN) - ✔✔✔ connection b/w small networks that create a large network that typically connects business campuses consisting of computer systems across large distances
Circuit Switching - ✔✔✔ ideal for communications that require data to be transmitted in real-time; a constant connection is required before transmission begins. Repeaters - ✔✔✔ Receive and retransmit/amplify data at a higher power to it can go a longer distance. Tangible User Interface - ✔✔✔ An interface in which a person interacts with digital information through the physical environment Virtual Network - ✔✔✔ Create peer-to-peer connections between computers. Mesh network - ✔✔✔ network topology in which each node relays data for the network TCP/IP - ✔✔✔ most common protocol which establishes the connection, and data packet quality transmission. The first two bytes are assigned by the Internet Service Provider (ISP), and the last two bytes are assigned by the client. Open System Interconnection (OSI) - ✔✔✔ consists of seven layers and is an international standard that governs or guides the development of data communication protocols The seven layers are: application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and physical. Telecommunications Network - ✔✔✔ Enables the exchange of information between end users across nodes and links. Star network - ✔✔✔ Router in middle of each computer connected to the router/hub. Ring network - ✔✔✔ each computer connected to the next computer; cheaper to install; less effiecient. Network host - ✔✔✔ node/computer connected with an IP address
Convergence - ✔✔✔ the ability for a telecommunication network to carry voice, data, and video Sniffing - ✔✔✔ eavesdropping on network traffic in order to acquire traffic data packets and decoding. The information gathered can be used to hack into a network; the most common attack, as signals travel through the air Extranet - ✔✔✔ an intranet that can be partially accessed by authorized outside users, enabling businesses to exchange information over the Internet securely. ARPANET - ✔✔✔ an early packet switching network and the first network to implement the protocol suite TCP/IP. Both technologies became the technical foundation of the Internet. Information Repository - ✔✔✔ Allows businesses to store important information and documents that can be accessed remotely by stakeholders; sometimes a fee for the service is charged. 1G Networks - ✔✔✔ The first cellular mobile networks; could only transmit analog signals on radio frequency. 2G Networks - ✔✔✔ Has a 64 kbps speed 3G Networks - ✔✔✔ 384 kbps speed 4G Networks - ✔✔✔ Also called long-term evolution (LTE), these networks offer speeds of 100,000 kpbs in the Ultra High Frequency band; offers voice, data, and video. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) - ✔✔✔ A wireless (tunneling) encryption protocol that provides secure data transmission over an insecure network. Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2) - ✔✔✔ Provides even stronger security than the original.
Quality of Service (qos) - ✔✔✔ Used to ensure voice or circuit switched communication quality. System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) - ✔✔✔ Analysis Phase
- Identify problems, root cause, opportunities, and objectives
- Determining information requirements (most important)
- Analyzing system needs and develop a solution Design Phase
- Designing the recommended system
- Developing and documenting software Implementation Phase
- Testing and maintaining the system
- Implementing and evaluating the system User Requirements Analysis - ✔✔✔ Determines inputs, outputs, process steps, and data storage needs. Waterfall model (SDLC) - ✔✔✔ Where each stage must be completed before moving on to the next stage; slow application development; used when system requirements are clearly documented and unlikely to change. Spiral Model (SDLC) - ✔✔✔ risk-driven process model generator for software projects. Based on the unique risk patterns of a given project, the spiral model guides a team to adopt elements of one or more process models, such as incremental, waterfall, or evolutionary prototyping. Fountain Model (SDLC) - ✔✔✔ Like the waterfall model, but this one allows for going back to previous steps.
Build and fix model (SDLC) - ✔✔✔ the simplest SDLC model allowing for code to be incrementally modified and implemented until successful. Prototyping model (SDLC) - ✔✔✔ requires the development of a scaled prototype that can be tested prior to full-scale development End-user development (SDLC) - ✔✔✔ fourth-generation languages that enable end users to develop systems and solutions with little or no assistance from professional technical specialists. Agile development (SDLC) - ✔✔✔ encourages adaptive planning and development, fast delivery, continuous improvement, and flexibility in response to change. (interactive) Rapid application development (RAD) - ✔✔✔ software development focuses on the development's process, with limited emphasis on the planning process and uses prototypes. Critical path method (CPM) - ✔✔✔ step-by-step process planning technique that defines the critical and noncritical tasks within a project in order to reduce or minimize process delays and time-related problems. Modular Design - ✔✔✔ a design approach that subdivides a system into smaller parts called modules or skids, that can be independently created and then used in different systems. Data-flow model - ✔✔✔ describes how data moves and is processed by the proposed system under development. System-oriented (system evaluation) - ✔✔✔ which is the ability of an information system to discriminate between files or data that are relevant to a user query, and those which are not relevant. Function-oriented (system evaluation) - ✔✔✔ determine of the success of the information system in examining he performance of data, hardware, software, networks, and human resources
patterns. Examples include phishing, spear-phishing (i.e. Targeted phishing), dumpster diving, baiting, tailgating, and quid pro quo. Organizational risk factors - ✔✔✔ Risks that stem from hierarchies, policies, and procedures. These factors naturally allow organizations to operate as successful businesses, but also help to define categories risks, vulnerabilities, and threats, and create targets for criminals Cold sites - ✔✔✔ Offsite office space awaiting occupancy, equipment, personnel, and utility service, allowing recovery within days. Warm sites - ✔✔✔ Offsite office space with available systems and service connections, requiring staffing and updates allowing recovery within hours to days. Hot sites - ✔✔✔ Offsite office space with available and up-to-date systems and service connections, requiring only adequate or prioritized staffing, allowing recovery within minutes to hours. PERT Chart - ✔✔✔ A chart that represents tasks using an activity-on- arrow diagram; not a process description tool System on a Chip (soc) - ✔✔✔ A modern microprocessor that contain the CPU, memory, and peripheral interfaces; a miniature computer; an example is the Raspberry Pi. Moore's Law - ✔✔✔ Moore's Law says that computing power and storage capacity will continue to increase or double approximately every two years. Copyright - ✔✔✔ egal right given to the creator of an original work allowing the exclusive right for sale and distribution of that work for a period of time. Patent - ✔✔✔ legal right given to an inventor of a product or process Data normalization - ✔✔✔ the reorganization of tables, and attributes within a database to reduce duplication is especially important during database redesign, but also when data is imported or merged.
The Three Norms in Normalization - ✔✔✔ 1NF, 2NF, 3NF Clickstream applications - ✔✔✔ Track and analyze a customer's internet activity, including how it is used and where they click. Scrum software development methodology - ✔✔✔ form of agile software development that recognizes that customer needs and wants can change throughout the project. Unexpected changes and challenges, which cannot be addressed with the traditional waterfall SDLC model, can be quickly addressed Work breakdown structure (WBS) - ✔✔✔ broken down list of all deliverables showing what the customer will get at the end of a project. Unified Modeling Language (UML) - ✔✔✔ A general-purpose modeling language that helps visualize systems through diagrams. Change agent - ✔✔✔ Helps companies transform as well as lead, motivate, and train users to help them adopt to change. Processed-Centered Environments - ✔✔✔ These environments can specify analysis and design; very resourceful. Problem solver - ✔✔✔ involves converting processes and procedures into system components and troubleshooting errors or delays that may occur. Newsletter - ✔✔✔ A publication that covers a specific issue. Methods for Increasing User Adoption and Reducing Costs - ✔✔✔ Benchmarking, usability testing, user communication, internal user groups, planning, and leveraging existing resources; six in total. Qualitative Risk Analysis - ✔✔✔ Looking at conditions that can affect the project; looks at the consequences of risk and estimates the impact of those risks on the organization. Upper CASE Tools - ✔✔✔ Support software modeling and analysis
