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encefwasfthatftherefwasfnofbranchfpredictionfinfthef360/91fandfhencefnofspecula
WGU C952 Computer Architecture ||
2026/2027 Verified Q&A Study Guide H_] |
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❖ Thefinternalforganizationfoffthef360/91fsharesfmanyffeaturesfwithfthefPentiumfI IIfandfPentiumf4,fasfwellfasfwithfseveralfotherfmicroprocessors.fOnefmajorfdiffer
s,fgeneralizedfforwarding,fandfreservationfstations.fTomasulo'sfalgorithm
Introducedfmanyfnewfconcepts,fincludingfdynamicfdetectionfoffmemoryfhazard
IBMf360/91f-fCORRECTfANSWER-
icfmachinefcode.
ineflanguagesfbutfallowsfprogrammersftofusefsymbolicfrepresentationsfoffnumer
Programmingflanguagefthatfhasfthefsamefstructurefandfsetfoffcommandsfasfmach
AssemblyfLanguagef-fCORRECTfANSWER-
ndfmayfprovidefvariousfservices
(computerfscience)fsoftwarefthatfcontrolsfthefexecutionfoffcomputerfprogramsfa
operatingfsystemf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
softwareftofworkftogether;fitfincludesfthefoperatingfsystemfandfutilityfprograms.
Thefsetfoffprogramsfthatfenablesfafcomputer'sfhardwarefdevicesfandfapplicationf
systemfsoftwaref-fCORRECTfANSWER-
codedfinstructionsfthatfisfusedfdirectlyfbyfthefcomputer
machineflanguagef-fCORRECTfANSWER-Theflanguagefmadefupfoffbinary-
providesf 1024 fscalarf32-bitfregistersfforfupftof 64 fthreads.
pplyingfafregisterfnumberftofbefaccessed.
Afstatefelementfthatfconsistsfoffafsetfoffregistersfthatfcanfbefreadfandfwrittenfbyfsu
RegisterfFilef-fCORRECTfANSWER-
structionsffinishedfexecution,ftheyfupdatedfthefregisters.
tion.fAnotherfmajorfdifferencefwasfthatftherefwasfnofcommitfunit,fsofoncefthefin
MfportionfofftheftermfDRAMfmeansfthatfmemoryfaccessesftakefbasicallyfthefsa mefamountfofftimefnofmatterfwhatfportionfoffthefmemoryfisfread.
ram.fInfcontrastftofsequentialfaccessfmemories,fsuchfasfmagneticftapes,fthefRA
MultiplefDRAMsfarefusedftogetherftofcontainfthefinstructionsfandfdatafoffafprog
Alsofmemoryfbuiltfasfanfintegratedfcircuit,fbutffasterfandflessfdensefthanfDRAM.
Staticfrandomfaccessfmemoryf(SRAM)f-fCORRECTfANSWER-
tivate,fandfsofon.
athfandfcontrolfandfwhichfaddsfnumbers,ftestsfnumbers,fsignalsfI/Ofdevicesftofac
Alsofcalledfprocessor.fThefactivefpartfoffthefcomputer,fwhichfcontainsfthefdatap
Centralfprocessorfunitf(CPU)f-fCORRECTfANSWER-
Alsofcalledfafchip.fAfdevicefcombiningfdozensftofmillionsfofftransistors.
Integratedfcircuitf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
Ofdevicesfaccordingftofthefinstructionsfoffthefprogram.
Thefcomponentfoffthefprocessorfthatfcommandsfthefdatapath,fmemory,fandfI/
Controlf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
Thefcomponentfoffthefprocessorfthatfperformsfarithmeticfoperations
Datapathf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
bufferfcontainingfafcompletefframefoffdata.
AfportionfoffRAMfcontainingfafbitmapfthatfdrivesfafvideofdisplay.fItfisfafmemoryf
framefbufferingf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
Accessftimesfaref 50 fnanosecondsfandfcostfperfgigabytefinf 2012 fwasf$5ftof$10.
Memoryfbuiltfasfanfintegratedfcircuit;fitfprovidesfrandomfaccessftofanyflocation.f
DynamicfRandomfAccessfMemoryf(DRAM)f-fCORRECTfANSWER-
ModernfDRAMSfconsistfoffrowsfinfeachfbank
Thefimageftofbefrepresentedfonscreenfisfstoredfinfthefframefbuffer,fandfthefbitfp atternfperfpixelfisfreadfoutftofthefgraphicsfdisplayfatfthefrefreshfrate.fThefanimati onfbelowfshowsfafframefbufferfwithfafsimplifiedfdesignfoffjustf 4 fbitsfperfpixel.
te.
❖ TechniquefthatfallowsfthefCPUftofworkfonfmorefthanfonefinstructionfatfaftime
Pipeliningf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
efhardwarefdoesfnotfsupportfthefcombinationfoffinstructionsfthatfarefsetftofexecu
Whenfafplannedfinstructionfcannotfexecutefinfthefproperfclockfcyclefbecausefth
Structuralfhazardf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
visiblefregistersforfmemory
nternalfbuffersfratherfthanfwaitingfforfitftofarriveffromfprogrammer-
Afmethodfoffresolvingfafdatafhazardfbyfretrievingfthefmissingfdatafelementffromfi
forwardingf(bypassing)f-fCORRECTfANSWER-
tafthatfisfneededftofexecutefthefinstructionfarefnotfyetfavailable.
Whenfafplannedfinstructionfcannotfexecutefinfthefproperfclockfcyclefbecausefda
datafhazardf(pipelinefdatafhazard)f-fCORRECTfANSWER-
dia-specificffunctions.
Anfexpandedfsetfoffinstructionsfsupportedfbyfafprocessorfthatfprovidesfmultime
multimediafextensionsf(MMX)f-fCORRECTfANSWER-
Parallelismfachievedfbyfperformingfthefsamefoperationfonfindependentfdata
Data-levelfparallelismf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
Thefsamefinstructionfisfappliedftofmanyfdatafstreams,fasfinfafvectorfprocessor.
fCORRECTfANSWER-
SinglefInstructionfStream,fMultiplefDatafStreamsf(SIMD)f-
ossfallfprocessors.
ThefconventionalfMIMDfprogrammingfmodel,fwherefafsinglefprogramfrunsfacr
SinglefProgram,fMultiplefDatafStreamsf(SPMD)f-fCORRECTfANSWER-
Afmultiprocessor.
MultiplefInstructionfMultiplefDataf(MIMD)f-fCORRECTfANSWER-
LEGv8f-fCORRECTfANSWER-assemblyfinstructions
conventionalfcodef-fCORRECTfANSWER-
vector-basedfcodef-fCORRECTfANSWER-
❖ Formula ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖
ache.
❖
❖
❖
Thefprinciplefstatingfthatfiffafdataflocationfisfreferenced,fdataflocationsfwithfnear byfaddressesfwillftendftofbefreferencedfsoon.
spatialflocalityf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
hefrequestor.
efother,finsertfitfinftheflevelfthatfexperiencedfthefmiss,fandfthenfpassfthefblockftoft
lowerflevel,fincludingftheftimeftofaccessfthefblock,ftransmitfitffromfoneflevelftofth
Theftimefrequiredftoffetchfafblockfintofaflevelfoffthefmemoryfhierarchyffromfthef
missfpenaltyf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
Theffractionfoffmemoryfaccessesfnotffoundfinfaflevelfoffthefmemoryfhierarchy
Missfratef-fCORRECTfANSWER-
Theffractionfoffmemoryfaccessesffoundfinfaflevelfoffthefmemoryfhierarchy.
Hitfratef-fCORRECTfANSWER-
Thefminimumfunitfoffinformationfthatfcanfbefeitherfpresentforfnotfpresentfinfafc
Blockf(orfline)f-fCORRECTfANSWER-
sorfincreases,fthefsizefoffthefmemoriesfandfthefaccessftimefbothfincrease.
Afstructurefthatfusesfmultipleflevelsfoffmemories;fasfthefdistanceffromfthefproces
Memoryfhierarchyf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
rencedfagainfsoon.
Thefprinciplefstatingfthatfiffafdataflocationfisfreferencedfthenfitfwillftendftofbefrefe
temporalflocalityf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
Thefregisterfthatfcontainsfthefaddressfoffthefnextfinstructionftofbefexecuted
ProgramfCounterf(PC)f-fCORRECTfANSWER-
RequiresfregisterffilefandfthefALU.
R-formatfALUfoperationsf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
outputf-fCORRECTfANSWER-Thefresultsfoffthefoperationfoffanyfsystem.
totalfprocessftimef=f[longestftaskf*f(totalfloadf-1)]f+ftotalfloadftime
dancyftofdata.fIffanyfonefdriveffails,fallfdatafisflost.
❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖
RAIDf 0 f(DiskfStriping)f-fCORRECTfANSWER- DiskfStriping.fDiskfstripingfrequiresfatfleastftwofdrives.fItfdoesfnotfprovidefredun
Afsliceffromfafsiliconfingotfnofmorefthanf0.1finchesfthick,fusedftofcreatefchips.
waferf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
ndfaboutf 12 ftof 24 finchesflong.
Afrodfcomposedfoffafsiliconfcrystalfthatfisfbetweenf 8 fandf 12 finchesfinfdiameterfa
siliconfcrystalfingotf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
fftwofdrives.
6 fusesffourforfmorefdisksfandfprovidesffaultftolerance.fItfcanfsurviveftheffailurefo
RAIDf 6 f-fCORRECTfANSWER-Diskfstripingfwithfparity.fRAID-
5 fusesfthreeforfmorefdisksfandfprovidesffaultftolerance.
RAIDf 5 f-fCORRECTfANSWER-Diskfstripingfwithfparity.fRAID-
levelfstripingfwithfdedicatedfparity.fNotfoftenfused,freplacedfwithfRAIDf5.
RAIDf 4 f-fCORRECTfANSWER-Block-
levelfstripingfwithfdedicatedfparity.fOBSOLETE,freplacedfwithfRAIDf5.
RAIDf 3 f-fCORRECTfANSWER-Byte-
codefparity.fOBSOLETE.
RAIDf 2 f-fCORRECTfANSWER-Bit-levelfstripingfwithfdedicatedfHamming-
mirrorforfextrafcopyfoffthefdata,finfthefcasefthatfonefdriveffails
Twofdrivesfarefusedfinfunison,fandfallfdatafisfwrittenftofbothfdrives,fgivingfyoufaf
RAIDf 1 f(mirroring)f-fCORRECTfANSWER-
efplaced.
Afcachefthatfhasfaffixedfnumberfofflocationsf(atfleastftwo)fwherefeachfblockfcanfb
SetfAssociativefCachef-fCORRECTfANSWER-
ryingftofproducefit
affailureftofretrievefinformationfthatfisfavailablefinfmemoryfevenfthoughfyoufareft
Blockingf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
canfhelpfreducefcachefmissfrate
est-
❖
mputers.
❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖
yfaccess,fI/O,fandfsofon
languagefprogramfthatfwillfrunfcorrectly,fincludingfinstructions,fregisters,fmemor
levelfsoftwarefthatfencompassesfallfthefinformationfnecessaryftofwritefafmachinef
Dominantftechnologyfforfintegratedfcircuits
complementaryfmetal-oxidefsemiconductorf(CMOS)f-fCORRECTfANSWER-
ownfasfchips.
Thefindividualfrectangularfsectionsfthatfarefcutffromfafwafer,fmorefinformallyfkn
Dief-fCORRECTfANSWER-
Afsubstancefthatfcanfconductfelectricityfunderfsomefconditions
Semiconductorf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
umfwire)
1.fExcellentfconductorsfoffelectricityf(usingfeitherfmicroscopicfcopperforfalumin
Afdevicefcontainingfhundredsfoffthousandsftofmillionsfofftransistors.
veryflarge-scalefintegratedf(VLSI)fcircuitf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
Anfon/offfswitchfcontrolledfbyfanfelectricfsignal
Transistorf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
byfapplicationfprogrammers.fItfdefinesfafstandardfforfbinaryfportabilityfacrossfco
Thefuserfportionfoffthefinstructionfsetfplusfthefoperatingfsystemfinterfacesfusedf
ApplicationfBinaryfInterfacef(ABI)f-fCORRECTfANSWER-
Alsofcalledfarchitecture.fAnfabstractfinterfacefbetweenfthefhardwarefandftheflow
InstructionfSetfArchitecturef(ISA)f-fCORRECTfANSWER-
LEGv8f-fCORRECTfANSWER-AssemblyfLanguage
3.fAreasfthatfcanfconductforfinsulatefunderfspecialfconditionsf(asfafswitch)
2.fExcellentfinsulatorsffromfelectricityf(likefplasticfsheathingforfglass)
siliconf-fCORRECTfANSWER-Afnaturalfelementfthatfisfafsemiconductor
❖
low)
❖
❖
❖
❖
❖
memory)
❖
❖
❖
❖
oesfnotfcauseftheffollowingfinstructionsftofwait.
Afsituationfinfpipelinedfexecutionfwhenfanfinstructionfblockedffromfexecutingfd
out-of-orderfexecutionf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
ofstorefthefresultsftofmemoryforfafregister.
Thefbufferfthatfholdsfresultsfinfafdynamicallyfscheduledfprocessorfuntilfitfisfsafeft
ReorderfBufferf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
erationftofprogrammer-visiblefregistersfandfmemory.
orderfexecutionfpipelinefthatfdecidesfwhenfitfisfsafeftofreleasefthefresultfoffanfop
commitfunitf-fCORRECTfANSWER-Thefunitfinfafdynamicforfout-of-
Afbufferfwithinfaffunctionalfunitfthatfholdsfthefoperandsfandfthefoperation.
reservationfstationf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
Thefprocessfoffputtingflessffrequencyfusedfvariablesf(orfthosefneededflaterfintof
spillingfregisterf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
stored,fthenfthefbasefregister,fandffinallyfthefoffsetftofselectfthefarrayfelement.
thefformatfisfsimilarftofload;fnamefoffthefoperation,ffollowedfbyfthefregisterftofbef
instructionfcomplementaryftofload.fItfcopiesfdataffromfregisterftofmemory.
storefregisterf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
lowestfmemoryfaddress.
AfCPUforfmemoryfarchitecturefinfwhichfthefmostfsignificantfbytefisfstoredfatfthef
BigfEndianf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
afconstantfvaluefaddedftofafbasefaddressftoflocatefafparticularfarrayfelementf(8fbe
offsetf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
registerfthatfholdsfanfarray'sfbasefaddressf(X22fbelow)
basefregisterf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
LEGv8fSTURf-fCORRECTfANSWER-storefregister
pcodeffields
❖
❖
❖ ss.
❖
❖
mory
❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖
Afstylefoffinstructionfsetfarchitecturefthatflaunchesfmanyfoperationsfthatfarefdefi nedftofbefindependentfinfafsinglefwidefinstruction,ftypicallyfwithfmanyfseparatefo
VLIWf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
tillfbeingfusedftoday]
removefthefprogrammingfburdensfoffafsmall,flimitedfamountfoffmainfmemoryf[s
1.fTofallowfefficientfandfsafefsharingfoffmemoryfamongfseveralfprogramsfandftof
motivationsfforfvirtualfmemoryf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
precisionfcomparison
FCMPS,fFCMPDf-fCORRECTfANSWER-Single-fandfdouble-
precisionfarithmetic
FADDD,fFSUBD,fFMULD,fFDIVDf-fCORRECTfANSWER-Double-
recordfthefcausefoffthefexception
ExceptionfSyndromefRegisterf(ESR)f-fCORRECTfANSWER-
thefprocessfbyfwhichfafvirtualfaddressfisfmappedftofanfaddressfusedftofaccessfme
addressftranslationf(addressfmapping)f-fCORRECTfANSWER-
rfgranulefsize:f4,f16,fandf 64 fKibibyte.
sicalfaddressesfasflargefasf 48 fbits.fItfsupportsfthreefoptionsfforfafminimumfpagefo
ARMv8fallowsfimplementationsfwithfafsmallerfvirtualfaddress.fItfalsofallowsfphy
bitfaddressed.fThefupperf 16 fbitsfarefnotfused,fsofonlyf 48 fbitsfarefused.
ARMv8fvirtualfmemoryf-fCORRECTfANSWER-64-
mer-visiblefstatefinfthefsameforderfthatfinstructionsfareffetched.
Afcommitfinfwhichfthefresultsfoffpipelinedfexecutionfarefwrittenftofthefprogram
in-orderfcommitf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
2.fTofallowfafsinglefuserfprogramftofexceedfthefsizefoffprimaryfemmory.
FADDS,fFSUBSf-fCORRECTfANSWER-Single-precisionfarithmetic
itfisfallocatedfbyfloadsfthefpageftablefregisterftofreferftofthefpageftablefoffthefproce
levelfmappingfisfthefmorefcomplexfprocessfforfaddressftranslation.
sadvantagefoffthisfmulti-
esfandfinfsoftwarefsystemsfthatfrequirefnoncontiguousfallocation.fThefprimaryfdi
ithoutfhavingftofallocatefthefentirefpageftable.fUsefulfwithfveryflargefaddressfspac
ftofbefusedfinfafsparseffashionf(multiplefnoncontiguousfsegmentsfcanfbefactive)fw
❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖
5.fMultipleflevelsfoffpageftablesfandfisfthefsolutionfthatfARMv8fusesftofreducefth efmemoryffootprintfoffaddressftranslation.fThisfschemefallowsfthefaddressfspace
ocalityfoffreference
essftofthefpageftable.fCanfbefusedftofimprovefaccessfperformancefbyfrelyingfonfl
Afcachefthatfkeepsftrackfoffrecentlyfusedfaddressfmappingsftoftryftofavoidfanfacc
TranslationfLookasidefBufferf(TLB)f-fCORRECTfANSWER-
indicatesfiffafpagefhasfbeenfwrittenfsincefbeingfreadfintofmemory
dirtyfbitf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
edfforftheflongestftime.
Afreplacementfschemefinfwhichfthefblockfreplacedfisfthefonefthatfhasfbeenfunus
LeastfRecentlyfUsedf(LRU)f-fCORRECTfANSWER-
finfthefvirtualfaddressfspace.
4.fAllowfthefpageftablesftofbefpaged.fItfworksfbyfallowingfthefpageftablesftofreside
eftable.fLookupfprocessfcanfbefmorefcomplexfbecausefitfisfnotfindexed
thefsizefoffthefnumberfoffphysicalfpagesfinfthefmainfmemory.fAKAfinvertedfpag
3.fApplyfafhashingffunctionftofthefvirtualfaddressfsofthatftheftablefneedftofbefonlyf
dfaddfmorefentriesfasfneeded.
1.fKeepfaflimitfregisterfthatfrestrictfthefsizefoffthefpageftablefforfafgivenfprocessfan
Techniquesfforfreducingftotalfmaxfstoragefrequiredf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
TLBfsize:f16-512fentries
2.fAflimitfregisterfforfeachfsegmentfspecifiesfthefcurrentfsizefoffthefsegment,fwhic hfgrowsfinfunitsfoffpages.fThisftypefoffsegmentationfisfusedfbyfmanyfarchitecture s,fincludingfARMv8fandfMIPS.fUnlikeftheftypefoffsegmentationfdiscussedfinfafp reviousfelaboration,fthisfformfoffsegmentationfisfinvisibleftofthefapplicationfprog ram,falthoughfnotftofthefoperatingfsystem.fThisfdoesfnotfworkfwhenfthefaddressf spacefisfusedfsparselyfratherfthanfcontiguous.
❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖
❖ ❖ +-------+-------------+-------+------------ + ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖
❖
Afcachefthatfisfaccessedfwithfafvirtualfaddressfratherfthanfafphysicalfaddress
virtuallyfaddressedfcachef-fCORRECTfANSWER-
|fMissf|fMissf|fHitf|fImpossiblef|
|fHitf|fMissf|fHitf|fImpossiblef|
|fHitf|fMissf|fMissf|fImpossiblef|
|fMissf|fMissf|fMissf|fPossiblef|
|fMissf|fHitf|fMissf|fPossiblef|
|fMissf|fHitf|fHitf|fPossiblef|
|fHitf|fHitf|fMissf|fPossiblef|
missingfpage.
indicatesfthatfafpagefisfnotfinfthefTLB.fAnotherfprocessfthenffindsfandfloadsfthef
TLBfmissf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
bits.fLikefmostfARMv8fsystems,fitfusesfsoftwareftofhandlefTLBfmisses.
hysicalfpagefnumberf(alsof 20 fbits),fafvalidfbit,fafdirtyfbit,fandfotherfbookkeepingf
bitftagf(whichfisfthefvirtualfpagefnumberfforfthatfTLBfentry),fthefcorrespondingfp
yfisf 64 fbitsfwidefandfcontainsfaf20-
ssociative,fandfitfisfsharedfbetweenfthefinstructionfandfdatafreferences.fEachfentr
essfisfthefsamefsizefasfthefvirtualfaddress.fThefTLBfcontainsf 16 fentries,fitfisffullyfa
bitfaddressfspace;fthus,fthefvirtualfpagefnumberfisf 20 fbitsflong.fThefphysicalfaddr
Thefmemoryfsystemfusesf 4 fKiBfpagesfandfjustfaf32-
ThefIntrinsityfFastMATHfTLBf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
efthefprocessorfhasfsafelyfsavedfthefstatefneededfforfrestart.
not;fnecessaryfforfpreventingfthefoccurrencefoffexceptionsfduringfintervalsfbefor
Afsignalforfactionfthatfcontrolsfwhetherfthefprocessfrespondsftofanfexceptionforf
ExceptionfEnablef(InterruptfEnable)f-fCORRECTfANSWER-
Missfrate:f0.01%-1%
Missfpenalty:f10-100fclockfcycles
Hitftime:f0.5-1fclockfcycle
Blockfsize:f1-2fpageftablefentriesf(typicallyf4-8fbytesfeach)
|fTLBf|fPageftablef|fCachef|fResultf|
TLBfeventsfcombinationf-fCORRECTfANSWER-+-------+-------------+-------+---------
❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖
❖ advantages: ❖ ❖ ❖
❖
❖
ationfoffattributesfsuchfasfcolor,fdepth,fandftexturefcoordinates.
pointfplanarfattributefinterpolationfforfpixelfshaders,fprovidingfaccuratefinterpol
talffunctions.fItfalsofimplementsf32-bitffloating-
pointfapproximationsftofreciprocal,freciprocalfsquarefroot,fandfkeyftranscenden
Specialffunctionfunitf(SFU)f-fCORRECTfANSWER-Computef32-bitffloating-
thefprimaryfthreadfinstructionfprocessorfinfthefmultiprocessor
Streamingfprocessorf(SP)f-fCORRECTfANSWER-
Increasedfreliability
Costfsaving
Increasedfthroughput
dfpixelffragmentfshaderfprograms,fandfparallelfcomputingfprograms
Afunifiedfgraphicsfandfcomputingfmultiprocessorfexecutesfvertex,fgeometry,fan
multiprocessorfarchitecturef-fCORRECTfANSWER-
tionallyftofthefincreasefinfthefnumberfoffprocessors.
upfachievedfonfafmultiprocessorfwhilefincreasingfthefsizefoffthefproblemfpropor
Weakfscalingf-fCORRECTfANSWER-Speed-
upfachievedfonfafmultiprocessorfwithoutfincreasingfthefsizefoffthefproblem.
Strongfscalingf-fCORRECTfANSWER-Speed-
conceptfthatfisfnecessaryfforfthefCPUftofbefableftofmanipulatefdata.
MemoryfHierarchyf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
terruptfandfexceptionfhandling,fandfexternalfI/O.
ivefdataftypes,finstructions,fregisters,faddressingfmodes,fmemoryfarchitecture,fin
Thefpartfoffthefcomputerfarchitecturefrelatedftofprogramming,fincludingfthefnat
InstructionfSetfArchitecturef(ISA)f-fCORRECTfANSWER-
nlyf10,000flinesfoffcode
ItfisfalsofmuchfsmallerfthanfaftraditionalfOS;fthefisolationfportionfoffafVMMfisfo
NotfboundfbyfAmdah'sfLaw
❖
❖
❖
❖
❖
❖ Variable ❖ ❖ ❖ four-way ❖ eight-way
❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖
Non-UniformfMemoryfAccessf(NUMA)f-fCORRECTfANSWER- Varyingfsystemfmemoryfaccessftimes,fbecausefoffsystemfhardware.
Anfalgorithmfforfdynamicfschedulingfandfout-of-orderfexecution
Tomasulo'sfAlgorithmf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
load-storefarchitecture
Thisfsystemfisfwidelyfconsideredftofhavefbeenftheffirstfsupercomputer.fAlsoffirstf
CDCf 6600 f-fCORRECTfANSWER-
Afcachefstructurefinfwhichfafblockfcanfbefplacedfinfanyflocationfinfthefcache.
Fullyfassociativefcachef-fCORRECTfANSWER-
two-wayf-fWillfimprovefoverallfperformance
one-wayf-fOriginalfset
efplaced
Afcachefthatfhasfaffixedfnumberfofflocationsf(atfleastftwo)fwherefeachfblockfcanfb
SetfAssociativefCachef-fCORRECTfANSWER-
(Instructions)fxf(CPI)fxf(ClockfCyclefTime)
CPUfTimefFormulaf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
thefamountfoffworkfperformedfbyfafsystemfduringfafgivenfperiodfofftime
throughputf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
efnofmatterfwhichfprocessorfrequestsfthefaccess.
Afmultiprocessorfinfwhichflatencyftofanyfwordfinfmainfmemoryfisfaboutfthefsam
UniformfMemoryfAccessf(UMA)f-fCORRECTfANSWER-
Producedfwithfthefgoalfoffbeingf 100 ftimesffasterfthanfthefpreviousfIBMf 704
IBMf 7030 f-fCORRECTfANSWER-AKAfStretch
usesfdynamicfhazardfdetection,fgeneralizedfforwarding,fandfreservationfstations.
(Blockfnumber)fmodulof(Numfsetfinfthefcache)f
❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖
❖ N=
❖ ❖ N=
❖ ❖ V=
❖ ❖ V=
❖
effollowingfinstructionfinfafregister
Anfinstructionfthatfbranchesftofanfaddressfsimultaneouslyfsavesfthefaddressfoffth
branch-and-linkfinstructionf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
hirdfregisterftofseefiffthefconditionfisftrueforffalse.
nfafthirdfregister.fThenfafconditionalfbranchingfstatementfassessfthefvaluefofftheft
InfMIPS,ftwofregistersfarefcomparedfandfthefresultfoffthefcomparisonfisfstoredfi
B.VCf-fCORRECTfANSWER-branchfonfoverflowfclear
B.VSf-fCORRECTfANSWER-branchfonfoverflowfset
B.PLf-fCORRECTfANSWER-branchfonfplus
B.MIf-fCORRECTfANSWER-branchfonfminus
conditionfcodesf(flag)f-fCORRECTfANSWER-4fbitsfarefused
B.GEf-fCORRECTfANSWER-greaterfthanforfequalfto
B.GTf-fCORRECTfANSWER-greaterfthan
B.LEf-fCORRECTfANSWER-lessfthanforfequalfto
B.LTf-fCORRECTfANSWER-lessfthan
B.NEf-fCORRECTfANSWER-notfequal
B.EQf-fCORRECTfANSWER-equal
Negativef(N) Zerof(Z) Overflowf(V) Carryf(C)
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❖
❖
alues.
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❖
❖
ield.
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field.
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Givenfthatfthefparallelismfoccursfwithinfafwidefword
subwordfparallelismf(dataflevelfparallelism)f-fCORRECTfANSWER-
pointfvaluefrepresentedfinfafsinglef32-bitfword.
singlefprecisionf-fCORRECTfANSWER-Affloating-
pointfvaluefrepresentedfinf64-bitfwords.
doublefprecisionf-fCORRECTfANSWER-Affloating-
Afsituationfinfwhichfafnegativefexponentfbecomesftooflargeftoffitfinfthefexponentf
underflowf(floatingfpoint)f-fCORRECTfANSWER-
Afsituationfinfwhichfafpositivefexponentfbecomesftooflargeftoffitfinfthefexponentff
overflowf(floatingfpoint)f-fCORRECTfANSWER-
Thefregisterfthatfcontainsfthefaddressfoffthefnextfinstructionftofbefexecuted
Programfcounterf(PC)f-fCORRECTfANSWER-
ovidedfbyfthefcallerfandfthenfreturnsfcontrolftofthefcaller.
Afprocedurefthatfexecutesfafseriesfoffstoredfinstructionsfbasedfonfparametersfpr
Calleef-fCORRECTfANSWER-
Thefprogramfthatfinstigatesfafprocedurefandfprovidesfthefnecessaryfparameterfv
Callerf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
nfMIPSfitfisfstoredfinfregister
Aflinkftofthefcallingfsitefthatfallowsfafprocedureftofreturnftofthefproperfaddress;fi
Returnfaddressf-fCORRECTfANSWER-
LRf(X30)
f(LRforfX30finfLEGv8).
TheyfarefknownfasfwellfasfvectorforfSIMD,fforfsinglefinstruction,fmultiplefdataf(s eefCODfSectionf6.6f(Introductionftofgraphicsfprocessingfunits)).fThefrisingfpop ularityfoffmultimediafapplicationsfledftofarithmeticfinstructionsfthatfsupportfnarr owerfoperationsfthatfcanfeasilyfcomputefinfparallel.
