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WGU D236 Patho Exam Study Guide
As Diane completes her race, what enables her body to maintain homeostasis despite her increased activity? Choose 3 answers. Diane's sports drink helped to replace sodium and water lost due to sweating. Diane's body produces more angiotensin II, allowing her body to constrict blood vessels and increase her blood pressure. Diane's kidney reabsorbs more water and sodium in response to ADH and aldosterone. Extracellular fluid shifts into intracellular fluid, expanding cells and stimulating the thirst center in the hypothalamus. Diane's breathing increases to expel more CO2, which decreases pH and brings it back to homeostatic levels. incorrect - ✔✔Diane's sports drink helped to replace sodium and water lost due to sweating. Diane's body produces more angiotensin II, allowing her body to constrict blood vessels and increase her blood pressure. Diane's kidney reabsorbs more water and sodium in response to ADH and aldosterone. Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory acidosis. How does pH impact Michael's basal metabolic panel? Choose 3 answers. His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the bloodstream. His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia. His calcium level is reduced because the elevated concentration of H+ makes it easier for Ca+ to bind to albumin. His CO2 level is decreased because his lungs have difficulty adding it into the bloodstream. - ✔✔His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the bloodstream. His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream. His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia. What differentiates type I from type II diabetes? The insulin producing cells of type I diabetics are destroyed, and they do not produce insulin. In type II diabetics, their cells are less responsive to insulin. Type I diabetes can be treated, while type II diabetics do not benefit from supplemental insulin. The insulin producing cells of type II diabetics are destroyed, and they do not produce insulin. In type I diabetics, their cells are less responsive to insulin. Type I diabetes is characterized by high blood glucose levels, while type II diabetics have normal blood glucose levels. - ✔✔The insulin producing cells of type I diabetics are destroyed, and they do not produce insulin. In type II diabetics, their cells are less responsive to insulin. A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an elevated CO2 level and a blood pH of 7.53. She is breathing slowly.
The decrease in the production of angiotensin II constricts blood vessels. This raises blood pressure. - ✔✔The decrease in the production of angiotensin II keeps blood vessels more dilated. This lowers blood pressure. When is the RASS system activated? In low blood pressure or high blood pressure? - ✔✔Low blood pressure In diabetic ketoacidosis, what happens to the anion gap? Because extra HCO3- is produced, the anion gap decreases. Because extra HCO3- is produced, the anion gap increases. Because HCO3- is consumed, the anion gap increases. Because HCO3- is consumed, the anion gap decreases. - ✔✔Because HCO3- is consumed, the anion gap increases. Patients with end stage renal disease are not able to maintain homeostatic levels of potassium, and the increased level of potassium in their bloodstream can impair cardiac function. To remove potassium from the blood during dialysis, what should the dialysate do? It should not contain potassium. It should have a higher concentration of potassium than that of the bloodstream. It should have a concentration of potassium that is equal to that of the bloodstream. It should have a lower concentration of potassium than that of the bloodstream. - ✔✔It should have a lower concentration of potassium than that of the bloodstream.
Rational: Dialysis relies on diffusion to remove solutes, including waste and potassium, from the blood. Solutes move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. When the amount of potassium is lower in the dialysate than in the bloodstream, potassium will diffuse from the bloodstream into the dialysate. This removes excess potassium, decreasing the chances the patient will have a cardiac arrhythmias or arrest. Which differences in immunity make children and older adult patients more susceptible to infections? Choose 2 answers. Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection. Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells. Older adult patients have more memory cells to combat infection. Younger patients have a large population of naive T cells. Older adult patients have a large population of naïve T cells. - ✔✔Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection. Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells. When Noah's parents used in vitro fertilization with genetic testing, they obtained three embryos. One of the embryos had two copies of the sickle cell gene. Both of the other embryos had one copy of the sickle cell gene, and Noah's sister was conceived using one of these embryos. Thus, she is a carrier for the sickle cell trait. If Noah's mother has a child with a man who has two healthy copies of the sickle cell gene, what is the probability that her child will also be a carrier? 50% 100%
Noah, who has sickle cell anemia, is encouraged by recent gene therapy studies. Rather than fixing the defective gene, the treatment tells the body to begin making a fetal form of hemoglobin. How does sickle cell anemia affect the body? Individuals with sickle cell anemia lack the gene for the fetal form of hemoglobin. In individuals with sickle cell anemia, the genes for both fetal hemoglobin and the adult form of hemoglobin have mutations that cause the disease. Individuals with sickle cell anemia are heterozygous for the sickle cell gene and possess one good copy of the sickle cell gene. In individuals with sickle cell anemia, the gene for the fetal form of hemoglobin does not have a sickle cell mutation. - ✔✔In individuals with sickle cell anemia, the gene for the fetal form of hemoglobin does not have a sickle cell mutation. Which effect does alcohol consumption have during pregnancy on the development of the brain? It increases the volume of the frontal lobe, but the overall volume of the brain is unchanged. It decreases brain volume. It decreases the volume of the occipital lobe, but the overall volume of the brain is unchanged. It increases the proliferation of neuronal cells. unanswered - ✔✔It decreases brain volume. What does Down syndrome result from? Exposure to alcohol during embryonic development
A single point mutation An extra copy of chromosome 21 An extra copy of chromosome 9 - ✔✔Down syndrome results from an extra copy of chromosome 21. Your patient has experienced significant blood loss due to an injury incurred in a car accident. Which physiological response is to be expected? Vasodilation will help to reduce blood pressure. ADH will stimulate the kidneys to reabsorb more water. The adrenal gland will stop releasing aldosterone. The RAAS will be inactivated. correct - ✔✔ADH will stimulate the kidneys to reabsorb more water. Respiratory rate increases during exercise. How does this increased respiratory rate allow the body to maintain a homeostatic pH level? The increased inhalation of CO2 helps to increase pH. The increased exhalation of CO2 helps to decrease pH. The increased inhalation of CO2 helps to decrease pH. The increased exhalation of CO2 helps to increase pH. - ✔✔The increased exhalation of CO2 helps to increase pH.
Your patient was stung by a bee, and his ankle is red and swollen. The inflammatory response is causing the redness and swelling. What is unlikely to occur? Antihistamines are released by mast cells at the site of the sting. Vasoconstriction at the site of the sting, causing fluid to accumulate. Blood flow to the site of the sting increases. Capillaries become leakier, allowing immune cells to be delivered to the site of the sting. - ✔✔Vasoconstriction at the site of the sting, causing fluid to accumulate. What is the role of helper T cells? They produce cytokines, which serve to help activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells. They are phagocytic and engulf pathogens as part of the body's innate defenses. They bind to infected body cells and produce substances to kill these cells. They produce antibodies that can target pathogens. - ✔✔They produce cytokines, which serve to help activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells. Red-green color blindness affects males more often than females. Men inherit the disease from their mother's side of the family. What is red-green colorblindness? Sex linked
Autosomal recessive Multifactorial Autosomal dominant correct - ✔✔Sex linked What does Neurobehavioral Congenital Abnormality (ND-PAE) result from? A chromosomal abnormality A point mutation A folate deficiency Prenatal exposure to alcohol - ✔✔Prenatal exposure to alcohol Which developmental defect occurs in spina bifida? There are holes between the left and right sides of the heart. A portion of the intestine is found outside the body. Failure of the neural tube to close results in a fluid filled sac on the lower back. A hole in the diaphragm can allow organs in the abdomen to move into the chest. - ✔✔Failure of the neural tube to close results in a fluid filled sac on the lower back. Ida's x-ray showing her fractured hip had visible bone fragments.What type of fracture does Ida have? A comminuted fracture An open fracture A spiral fracture An avulsion fracture - ✔✔A comminuted fracture
What occurs when there is injury to muscle, and the contents of the muscle, particularly myoglobin, are toxic when they enter the bloodstream? - ✔✔Rhabdomyolysis Which symptom would a patient with cervical degenerative disk disease not experience? Weakness in the arm Low back pain Neck pain Pain in the arm - ✔✔Low back pain You are treating a patient admitted after a motor vehicle accident who sustained a fracture to the tibia. During the initial exam, the patient's pain is severe, and an intra-compartmental pressure monitor shows elevated compartment pressure.Which complication does this patient have? Infection Compartment syndrome Fat embolism syndrome Pulmonary embolism - ✔✔Compartment syndrome What typically develops 24-72 hours after the injury, and its symptoms include shortness of breath, cyanosis, and low oxygen saturation. Most patients also have cerebral symptoms, like drowsiness or confusion. - ✔✔Fat embolism syndrome You receive a patient who has experienced a burn on the right leg. The burn has small blisters, is markedly pinkish red and has a shiny and moist appearance. When the patient is asked about pain level, the patient describes it as severe.What level of burn does this patient present? First degree (superficial) Third degree (full thickness) Fourth degree (deep full thickness) Second degree (partial thickness) - ✔✔Second degree (partial thickness)
A 56-year-old female presents with superficial partial-thickness burns to the anterior head and neck, front and back of the left arm, front of the right arm, posterior trunk, front and back of the right leg, and back of the left leg.Calculate the total body surface area percentage that is burned using the Rule of Nines. 72% 63% 81% 54% - ✔✔63% A patient presents with normal vital signs and urinary output of 49 mL/hr. They experienced a full thickness burn 72 hours ago.What phase of burn management is this patient experiencing? Emergent Chronic Rehabilitative Acute - ✔✔Acute Albinism is a defect in what pigment? Carotene Bilirubin Melanin Hemoglobin - ✔✔Melanin A fair-skinned 64-year-old male patient presents to the clinic with an 8mm purplish-black, flat, irregularly shaped lesion over his left shoulder-blade. The patient is unsure of how long he has had the lesion and only presented after his spouse thought the lesion was getting larger.Which diagnosis is most likely?
Vitiligo Contact dermatitis - ✔✔Vitiligo _____________ appears as a red, itchy rash, often with small vesicles, in an area exposed to an irritant. - ✔✔Contact dermatitis __________________ is a pigmentation disorder characterized by darker macules on the face. - ✔✔Melasma A child is brought to the clinic for an itchy, scaly, dry lesion on the scalp. The healthcare provider uses a Wood's light to examine the lesion, which turns fluorescent yellow green. The healthcare provider prescribes a topical antifungal medication.Which type of tinea infection does the child have? Tinea pedis Tinea cruris Tinea capitis Tinea corpora - ✔✔Tinea capitis The provider is caring for a patient with an ischemic stroke. Which factors are predisposing factors for ischemic stroke? Select three responses. Hypertension Atrial fibrillation Carotid stenosis Oral anticoagulation Cerebral aneurysm Cerebral arteriosclerosis unanswered - ✔✔Atrial fibrillation Carotid stenosis Cerebral arteriosclerosis
Rational: Atrial fibrillation is a predisposing factor for ischemic stroke. Carotid stenosis is a predisposing factor for ischemic stroke. Cerebral arteriosclerosis is a predisposing factor for ischemic stroke. A provider is caring for a client who presents with gait changes over the past few months. The provider notes that the patient has a slight tremor at rest, increased muscle tone, and slowed gait and movements. Which diagnosis is most consistent with these signs? Multiple sclerosis Myasthenia gravis Parkinson's disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - ✔✔Parkinson's disease A provider is caring for a patient with impaired vision due to age-related macular degeneration. When asking the patient to describe their vision, what does the provider anticipate hearing? "Everything has slowly gotten really foggy and I have a hard time seeing darker colors, like blue or purple." "I can see things in front of me okay, but I have to turn my head to see anything in the periphery of my vision." "I can see some things out of the corner of my eye, but when I look straight ahead, there is just a dark spot in the center." "I have these moments when I get a bright flash of light and most of the time I see all these black spots."
- ✔✔"I can see some things out of the corner of my eye, but when I look straight ahead, there is just a dark spot in the center."
A provider working in the emergency department provides care for a patient who was involved in a motor vehicle accident and experienced a fracture of the temporal bone. The patient lost consciousness immediately following the accident but was alert and talking upon arrival in the emergency department. Thirty minutes ago, the patient complained of a severe headache, began vomiting and then lost consciousness. What is the most likely diagnosis? Subarachnoid hemorrhage Cerebral aneurysm Subdural hematoma Epidural hematoma - ✔✔An epidural hematoma is likely to occur following a fracture of the temporal bone due to the location of the middle meningeal artery. A _________ hematoma typically has slower, more gradual onset of symptoms. - ✔✔subdural A provider is caring for a client who presents with drooping of the left upper eyelid. The patient also reports double vision and episodes of muscle weakness. Which diagnosis is most consistent with these signs? Myasthenia gravis Multiple sclerosis Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Parkinson's disease - ✔✔Myasthenia gravis is characterized by ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid), diplopia (double vision), and episodes of skeletal muscle weakness. ______________ is characterized by episodes of muscle weakness, numbness, blurred vision, and fatigue. - ✔✔Multiple sclerosis A patient with Meniere disease asks the provider about long-term effects of the disease. Which long-term complication should the provider explain that the patient may experience?
Blindness Heart failure Progressive hearing loss Neoplasm - ✔✔Progressive hearing loss How does the spine appear in an individual with kyphosis? A curvature of the spine to one side An outward curvature of the spine, resulting in a hunchbacked appearance An excessive inward curvature of the lower spine Proper alignment of the spin - ✔✔An outward curvature of the spine, resulting in a hunchbacked appearance Julia was learning to roller skate after receiving the skates for her sixth birthday. She fell and outstretched her arm with her wrist flexed to break her fall. Her X-ray revealed a fracture that extended partway through the radius, but not all the way through the bone. Which type of fracture did Julia sustain? An open fracture A greenstick fracture A comminuted fracture An avulsion fracture - ✔✔A greenstick fracture Leo is a 62-year-old auto mechanic and presents with pain in his hands. The pain is the worst when he wakes up. Last month, he took a week of vacation and reported that the pain subsided. He does not have any other systemic symptoms, and his white blood cell count is normal. Physical exam shows prominent Heberden and Bouchard nodes. What does Leo have? Lordosis Rheumatoid arthritis
