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WGU D265 Critical Thinking Exam Questions
and Answers | latest Update
What is Confirmation Bias? - ✅✅Tendency to accept evidence supporting our beliefs and reject contradicting evidence. What is Alief? - ✅✅Automatic belief-like attitude that conflicts with reasoned beliefs. What is Representativeness? - ✅✅Tendency to categorize based on nearest fitting prototype. What is Anchoring & Adjustment? - ✅✅Tendency to anchor to initial information and adjust from there. What is Availability? - ✅✅Tendency to jump to conclusions from available information. What is Selection Bias? - ✅✅Occurs when sample is not representative of total population. What is Ad Hominem? - ✅✅Attacking the person making an argument instead of the argument itself. What is Genetic Fallacy? - ✅✅Claiming the origin of an idea as a reason to reject or accept it.
What is Straw Figure? - ✅✅Misrepresenting an argument and attacking the misrepresented version. What is Red Herring? - ✅✅Introducing an irrelevant topic to divert attention from the main issue. What is Equivocation? - ✅✅Mistakenly using the same word in two different senses. What is Appeal to Authority? - ✅✅Appealing to an (unqualified) authority to support a claim. What is Appeal to Force? - ✅✅Using the threat of force instead of reasons or evidence to compel agreement. What is Appeal to Popularity? - ✅✅Appealing to the popularity of a belief as a reason to believe it is true. What is Appeal to Consequences? - ✅✅Appealing to the consequences of a claim to reject or accept it. What is Appeal to Ignorance? - ✅✅Reasoning from lack of knowledge to assert a claim is true or false. What is Slippery Slope? - ✅✅Arguing that one event will lead to a series of events ending in a further event.
Arguments - ✅✅An inference from at least one premises to a conclusion Conclusion Indicators - ✅✅Therefore So It follows that Thus Premise Indicators - ✅✅because, since, for, for example, for the reason that, in that, given that, as indicated by, due to, owing to, this can be seen from, we know this by deductive argument - ✅✅the premises are intended to guarantee the conclusion inductive argument - ✅✅the premises are intended to make the conclusion probable, without guaranteeing it Fallacies - ✅✅arguments that contain flawed reasoning hypothetical statement - ✅✅a statement of the form "if p, then q" correlation and causation - ✅✅correlation does not equal causation
positive correlation - ✅✅A correlation where as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases so does the other. Both variables move in the same direction. negative correlation - ✅✅as one variable increases, the other decreases and vice versa Formal Fallacy - ✅✅a logical error that occurs in the form or structure of an argument; it is restricted to deductive arguments informal fallacy - ✅✅a popular but invalid (or unhelpful) form of argument simple proposition - ✅✅have no internal logical structure, meaning whether they are true or false does not depend on whether a part of them is true or false Soundness - ✅✅about both structure and truth: you have to have a good structure and true premise unsound - ✅✅an argument that is invalid or had at least one false premise cogent argument - ✅✅True Premises & Strong Inductive Form (Good inductive argument) uncogent argument - ✅✅an inductive argument that is weak, has one or more false premises, fails to meet the total evidence requirement, or any combination of these
Red Herring - ✅✅something that draws attention away from the main issue evasive - ✅✅to respond to a question with an answer irrelevant to the original question Appeal to Force - ✅✅where one party coerces or intimidates the other party to agree and follow through with their request or they will have to deal with the consequences ad populum - ✅✅appealing to the popularity of a thing or idea in order to justify that thing or idea appeal to consequences - ✅✅attempt to motivate belief with either the good consequences of believing or the bad consequences of disbelieving Equivocation - ✅✅When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument.
