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WGU D322 OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT
Information Technology The technology used in creating, maintaining, and making information accessible. IT Professional Roles Administration and Support System Administrator responsible for providing technical support for hardware and software issues end users encounter, such as log-in issues Network Administrator is responsible for designing, planning, setting up, and maintaining an organization's network Database Administrator is responsible for installing and configuring databases. This position also fixes database errors and creates user accounts. Security Administrator is responsible for installing, administering, and troubleshooting network security issues Web Administrator
is responsible for troubleshooting error messages employees encounter when attempting to access their organization's website. The web administrator is also responsible for tracking, compiling, and analyzing website usage data. This role reports security breaches to appropriate personnel. Support IT Professionals Help desk and training. Information collection of processed data from a variety of sources DIKW Hierarchy Defines the transition of data to information from knowledge to wisdom. (Data Information Knowledge Wisdom) Data in DIKW The input directly received by the user (or computer). It is generally not usable until it has been converted into a relevant form. Information in DIKW Having been inferred from data; one or more processes have been applied to the data to transform it into a more useful form. Knowledge in DIKW
is coded in a way that makes it easy to convert into a form usable for analysis. Examples of structured data contact information such as first name, last name, email address, and phone number. In addition, quantitative fields like date of birth, date of transaction, and the amount received or amount due are forms of structured data. Unstructured data refers to data that is more complex and possibly stored in a format that is not easily decoded. Examples of unstructured data include data stored in text or video format, comments on a web page, text messages, and videos of presentations or conferences. To begin analyzing business processes a business must first collect data from multiple platforms and portals. Data in businesses comes from various activities like sales and marketing, finance, customer service, and relationship management. Companies store data in multiple systems like customer relationship management (CRM) system and sales records, finance, enterprise resource planning (ERP), and customer applications. each has data on every customer
Data Hygiene refers to the processes of ensuring the cleanliness of data (i.e., that the data is relatively error-free) Data scrubbing the process of amending or removing data in a database that is incorrect, incomplete, improperly formatted, or duplicated. Quality data defined as data that is precise, valid, reliable, timely, and complete. Good data enables businesses to do the following: *Analyze the current financial state of the organization in terms of net profits, revenues, cash flow, assets, and liabilities *Increase revenues through better targeting of products and increased customer satisfaction *Examine existing production processes to take corrective action, improve efficiency, and lower costs *Develop new, automated processes that integrate harmoniously into existing workflows and reduce demands on labor *Gather competitive information on product and pricing decisions to stay ahead of competitors *Make evidence-based decisions that utilize verifiable data to maximize profits and efficiency *Understand business value by exploiting rapid changes in information and generating insights from diverse data sources to widen the competitive differentiation gap Types of bad data *Duplicate data: Two or more identical records *Conflicting data: The same records with differing attributes
Storage Processed information is stored for permanent record. Computer System A collection of components that work together to meet the needs of the user; typically categorized as either hardware, software, networks, or users. The most important element of a computer system is? its users, sometimes called liveware Hardware Physical components of a computer system which include the system unit and its components and peripheral devices; tangible aspects of the computer. Motherboards, graphics cards, central processing units (CPUs), and power supply Middleware allows the hardware and software to communicate with each other, enabling data to move between computer system components Software a collection of instructions that enable a user to interact with a computer to perform tasks. Internet browsers, text editing tools, and spreadsheets are examples of computer software Types of system software
Windows, Mac, or Linux Word processing applications allow users to type letters, complete assignments, and produce any other written artifact. Spreadsheet applications Spreadsheet applications help create charts and complete complex calculations. Email applications allow a user to receive and send email communications. Web browsers allow a user to access the content of web pages on various sites. The Motherboard is at the center of what makes a computer work. It houses the CPU and serves as the brain of the system allocating resources, such as power, and communicating with all other components. The CPU processes the data from the programs your computer runs. Random-access memory (RAM)
PAN
is normally used for short-range communications, within a few feet, such as wireless headphones to a smartphone or a wireless mouse to a PC. open network vs closed/proprietary network the network's internal workings are based on designs that are in the public domain (open network) or on designs owned or controlled by third parties (closed or proprietary networks). Open network designs are freely circulated and are often more popular than proprietary designs that are restricted by license fees and contracts example of an open network The internet User Those who use a computer. What is the world largest area network? The Internet 2 types of network design includes client-to-server and peer-to-peer
client-to-server a popular convention used for interprocess communication. The basic roles played by the processes are categorized as either a client making requests or a server satisfying client requests. peer-to-peer Network another model for interprocess communication. In this model, processers both request and provide service to each other. Instant messaging and interactive games played by users on multiple machines are both examples of the P2P model. BitTorrent used commonly for distributing large video files, employs a "swarm" model, whereby files are downloaded in simultaneous pieces from multiple host computers The Gnutella protocol operates without any centralized server and allows for numerous software clients to be used for access, which makes it nearly impossible to shut down. There are several types of distributed systems Cluster computing, Grid computing, Cloud computing Cluster computing uses many independent computers to provide computation or services comparable to those of a larger machine. The cost of several individual machines can be less than a higher-priced supercomputer, with comparable performance. Cluster computing provides high availability as it is likely that at least one computer in the cluster will be able to answer a request even when others in the cluster are unavailable or broken down. In addition, clusters can balance loads by automatically shifting requests among the cluster members
Coaxial Cables (often referred to as "coax") have an outer plastic that is used in computer networks and to deliver cable TV services. First used commercially used in the 1940s, it is used for both baseband and broadband data communication services. The bandwidth of coaxial cables is about 80 times the bandwidth of twisted wires. Cable modems and televisions typically use coaxial cables. Baseband is a signal at a very narrow frequency range on which data or information is superimposed and then transmitted. Examples include Ethernet LANs and serial cables. Broadband is considered high-capacity transmission technologies that are used to transmit data, voice, and video across long distances and at high speeds. Examples include coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and radio waves. Fiber-Optic Cable uses the concept of reflection of light through a core made up of glass or plastic. The core is surrounded by a less dense glass or plastic covering called the cladding. Fiber-optic cable are able to transmit large volumes of data. Their bandwidth can provide up to 26,000 times the bandwidth of the twisted pair wires, at the time of this writing. Bluetooth vs WiFi Bluetooth supports distances shorter than 30 feet, while Wi-Fi devices can be accessed up to 300 feet away. wireless networks
use radio waves, microwaves, and infrared waves. The following devices can be used to connect networks: Repeaters, bridges, switches, routers Repeaters extend the range of cabling types so connections can be made by increasing the strength of the network signal. For example, if two twisted pair cabling networks are 500 feet apart, a repeater can be used to extend the 300 feet range of twisted pair cabling to 500 feet. Repeaters can be used on fiber and coaxial also. Bridges are used to connect to different types of network and provide management of the message. For example, a bridge can connect a twisted pair and coaxial network. The bridge analyzes the network message and will only bridge the network if a message is addressed to a device on the other side. Switches are used on LANs to reduce network traffic by management of network messages. Older devices would broadcast all messages to all devices on the LAN. For example, on a 100-device network, a switch would only send one message to the destination device. This management example would create 99% less traffic. Routers
network routers, access points, and switches. These devices, along with cable media such as fiber optic and Ethernet, make it possible for devices to communicate with each other. Protocol Stack A collection of protocols. TCP/IP is an example. One of the earliest computing devices was? The Abacus, probably first used in China and then by the early Greek and Roman civilizations Leibniz machine the gears of the machine are initially mechanically set in a position that represents the input, and their final state represents the output of the calculations. Who is considered the world's first programmer? Ada Lovelace Components of a Computer CPU, Memory and Storage, Peripheral Devices Memory Stores the programs being executed and the data they are using.
input/output....I/O Subsystem All peripheral devices where long term storage devices are used. Provides efficient mode of communication btw the central system and the outside environment Bus or Bus lines wires that serve as electrical roadways, transmitting information between the CPU and other components. 3 types of buses
- Address bus: Carries the destination address of where the data is assigned to be processed
- Data bus: Carries data between the processor, the memory unit, and the input/output devices 3)Control bus: Carries control signals (commands) from the CPU (and status signals from devices); controls and coordinates all activities within the computer system System Unit Critical component of all computer based systems; consists of most of the hardware the computer needs in order to run; comes in a variety of shapes and sizes. also known as a tower or chassis Internal Components of the System Unit Case, Internal Bays, Buses, Ports, Hard Drive, Motherboard, CPU, CPU Cooler(heat sink), Memory Module (RAM), Power Supply Unit (PSU), Expansion Slots/Cards Parts of the CPU Control Unit (CU) - retrieves the instructions and the raw data that is input and coordinates or controls the sending of those instructions and data to the ALU
