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WGU D574 NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT OA WESTERN
GOVERNORS UNIVERSITY 2025
CERTIFICATION EVALUATION 2026
SOLVED QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
⩥ Theorists related to psychodynamic. Answer: Sigmeud Freud ⩥ Behaviorism. Answer: the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. ⩥ Psychodynamic. Answer: term describes the perspective on psychology in which inner feeling and unconscious are emphasized ⩥ clinical psychology. Answer: a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders ⩥ educational psychologist. Answer: a psychologist who is concerned with helping students learn
⩥ Psychotherapy. Answer: an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties ⩥ Four approaches to research in psychology. Answer: Descriptive, correlation, experimental, and case study ⩥ Descriptive psychological research. Answer: Researchers enter real life environment to study behavior in natural setting ⩥ Correlation psychological research. Answer: Used to study relationship of 2 potentially related variables ⩥ expiremental psychological research. Answer: Observes the effects of altering variables ⩥ Case study psychological research. Answer: Focusing on single subject observing their behaviors ⩥ informed consent. Answer: an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate suck as risks confidentiality and ability to withdraw ⩥ independent variable. Answer: variable that is manipulated
⩥ Dendrites. Answer: Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information. ⩥ Axon. Answer: A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body. ⩥ Acetylcholine. Answer: enables muscle action, learning, and memory ⩥ Dopamine. Answer: influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion ⩥ Seratonin. Answer: Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal ⩥ Glutamine. Answer: the primary excitatory transmitter in the nervous system ⩥ Endorphins. Answer: natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure ⩥ Gamma ambinobutyric acid (GABA). Answer: Stops sending ⩥ Cerebellum. Answer: the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance
⩥ corpus callosum. Answer: the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them ⩥ Thalamus. Answer: the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla ⩥ Hypothalamus. Answer: A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward. ⩥ Hippocampus. Answer: a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage ⩥ Amygdala. Answer: A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression. ⩥ occipital lobe. Answer: visual processing ⩥ temporal lobe. Answer: hearing and language
⩥ sympathetic nervous system. Answer: the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations ⩥ parasympathetic nervous system. Answer: the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy ⩥ somatic nervous system. Answer: the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles ⩥ Sensation. Answer: the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment ⩥ Perception. Answer: the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events ⩥ top-down processing. Answer: the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole ⩥ bottom-up processing. Answer: analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
⩥ absolute threshold. Answer: the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time ⩥ Cocktail party phenomenon. Answer: a phenomenon in which people tune in one message even while they filter out others nearby ⩥ dichotic listening. Answer: The procedure of presenting one message to the left ear and a different message to the right ear while concentrating on one ⩥ classical conditioning. Answer: a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone. ⩥ unconditioned stimulus. Answer: A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning ⩥ unconditioned response. Answer: in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus ⩥ neutral stimulus. Answer: in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning ⩥ conditioned response. Answer: in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
⩥ punishment. Answer: an event that decreases the behavior that it follows ⩥ sensory memory. Answer: A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less. ⩥ short-term memory. Answer: activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten ⩥ long-term memory. Answer: a type of storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years ⩥ semantic memory. Answer: general knowledge ⩥ episodic memory. Answer: A category of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations and experiences. ⩥ explicit memory. Answer: memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" ⩥ implicit memory. Answer: retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection
⩥ context dependent memory. Answer: The theory that information learned in a particular situation or place is better remembered when in that same situation or place. ⩥ state-dependent memory. Answer: the phenomenon through which memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed ⩥ flashbulb memory. Answer: a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event ⩥ recall. Answer: A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. ⩥ recognition. Answer: a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test ⩥ false memories. Answer: memories for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone or something ⩥ retrograde amnesia. Answer: an inability to retrieve information from one's past
⩥ affective. Answer: relating to moods, feelings, and attitudes ⩥ Behavioral. Answer: predisposition to act a certain way towards certain people or situations ⩥ cognitive. Answer: Dealing with how we know the world around us through our senses ⩥ stereotype. Answer: A generalized belief about a group of people ⩥ prejudice. Answer: A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority. ⩥ Discrimination. Answer: Behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group. ⩥ realistic conflict theory. Answer: The idea that limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in increased prejudice and discrimination ⩥ self-fulfilling prophecy. Answer: the tendency for people to behave as they are expected to behave
⩥ Implicit prejudice. Answer: unfounded negative belief of which we're unaware regarding the characteristics of an out-group ⩥ stereotype threat. Answer: a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype ⩥ attribution theory. Answer: the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition ⩥ fundamental attribution error. Answer: the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition ⩥ self-serving bias. Answer: the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors ⩥ belief in a just world. Answer: A form of defensive attribution wherein people assume that bad things happen to bad people and that good things happen to good people ⩥ attraction. Answer: something that draws attention ⩥ social exchange theory. Answer: the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
⩥ Obedience. Answer: the tendency to do what powerful people tell us to do ⩥ Miligram Experiment. Answer: an experiment devised in 1961 by Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, to see how far ordinary people would go to obey a scientific authority figure ⩥ group polarization. Answer: tendency of group members to move to an extreme position after discussing an issue as a group ⩥ Groupthink. Answer: the tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue ⩥ social loafing. Answer: the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable ⩥ social facilitation. Answer: stronger responses on simple or well- learned tasks in the presence of others ⩥ altruism. Answer: unselfish regard for the welfare of others ⩥ bystander effect. Answer: the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
⩥ 3 factors of psychological disorders. Answer: distress, impairment , risk of harm ⩥ personality disorders. Answer: psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning ⩥ bipolar disorder. Answer: A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. ⩥ Deppression. Answer: A prolonged feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and sadness ⩥ mood disorders. Answer: psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. Bipolar depression ⩥ anxity disorder. Answer: Excessive anxiety ⩥ Phobias. Answer: irrational fears of specific objects or situations
⩥ negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Answer: the absence of appropriate behaviors (expressionless faces, rigid bodies) ⩥ 3 clusters of personality disorders. Answer: odd/eccentric, dramatic/erratic, anxious/inhibited ⩥ 3 levels of analysis in psychology. Answer: brain, person, group ⩥ Diathesis. Answer: a vulnerability or predisposition to developing a disorder ⩥ diathesis-stress model. Answer: a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event(stress) ⩥ biopsychosocial approach. Answer: an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis ⩥ Humanistic Perspective. Answer: the psychological view that assumes the existence of the self and emphasizes the importance of self- awareness and the freedom to make choices
⩥ Behavioral. Answer: perspective on psychology that sees psychology as an objective science without reference to mental states ⩥ cognitive. Answer: Helps pts think realistically to interpret distressing events ⩥ cognitive behavioral therapy. Answer: a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior) ⩥ EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing). Answer: having people imagine traumatic scents or images and using a finger to trigger eye movements ⩥ exposure therapy. Answer: An approach to treatment that involves confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response ⩥ exposure with response prevention. Answer: a behavioral technique in which a patient is carefully prevented from engaging in his or her usual maladaptive response after being exposed to a stimulus that usually elicits the response ⩥ stimulus control. Answer: When an operant behavior is controlled by a stimulus that precedes it.
