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WGU D684 Introdučtion To Computer Sčienče
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analog data - ANSWER -data represented in a continuous and variable form American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) - ANSWER -a standard encoding system for text characters that uses numeric values to represent letters, numbers, and symbols bandwidth - ANSWER -the maximum rate of data transfer across a network or communication channel, usually measured in bits per second binary - ANSWER -a numerical system that uses only two digits, zero and one, to represent data in computing Boolean expression - ANSWER -a logical statement that can only be true or false and uses operators like AND, OR, and NOT character - ANSWER -a single letter, digit, or symbol used in writing text character set - ANSWER -a collection of characters that a computer can recognize and process, like ASCII or Unicode
compression ratio - ANSWER -the ratio of the original data size to the compressed data size, indicating how much the data has been reduced control structure - ANSWER -constructs in programming that control the flow of execution, such as loops and conditional statements data - ANSWER -raw facts and figures that can be processed to produce meaningful information data compression - ANSWER -the process of reducing the size of data to save space or transmission time data types - ANSWER -categories of data that define what kind of value can be stored, like integers, floats, and strings, and how it can be used declaration - ANSWER -a statement in programming that specifies the name and type of a variable or function without assigning a value digital data - ANSWER -data represented using discrete binary values (zeroes and ones) floating point - ANSWER -a way to represent real numbers that can have fractional parts using a format that includes a base and an exponent
radix point - ANSWER -the decimal point in a number system that indicates the separation between integer and fractional parts real - ANSWER -a data type representing numbers that can have fractional parts, often called floating-point numbers reclocking - ANSWER -the process of refreshing the timing signals in digital data to ensure accuracy and synchronization run-length encoding - ANSWER -a simple compression technique that replaces sequences of repeated characters with a single character and a count scientific notation - ANSWER -a method of representing very large or very small numbers by using powers of 10 signed-magnitude representation - ANSWER -a way of encoding positive and negative numbers where one bit represents the sign and the remaining bits represent the magnitude string - ANSWER -a sequence of characters treated as a single data element and used for text manipulation strong typing - ANSWER -a feature in programming languages where each variable is explicitly declared to be of a specific type, reducing errors ten's complement - ANSWER -a mathematical method for representing negative numbers in a decimal system
Unicode - ANSWER -a universal character set that includes characters from virtually all writing systems, allowing for consistent encoding and representation of text globally alphanumeric values - ANSWER -characters that include both letters (A-Z) and numbers (0-9) assignment operator - ANSWER -a symbol used to assign a value to a variable, typically = assignment statement - ANSWER -a line of code that assigns a value to a variable, like x = 5 binary operator - ANSWER -an operator that takes two operands, such as +, -, *, and / camel casing - ANSWER -a naming convention where the first letter is lowercase and each subsequent word starts with an uppercase letter, like myVariableName garbage - ANSWER -unused or leftover data in memory that the program no longer needs or references Hungarian notation - ANSWER -a naming convention where the name of a variable starts with a prefix indicating its type, like strName for a string variable
Pascal casing - ANSWER -a naming convention in which each word in the name starts with an uppercase letter, like MyVariableName right-to-left associativity - ANSWER -the order in which operations are performed in expressions where operators of the same precedence appear, processed from right to left snake casing - ANSWER -a naming convention in which words are all lowercase and separated by underscores, like my_variable_name string constant - ANSWER -a fixed sequence of characters written directly in the code, like "Hello, World!" string variable - ANSWER -a variable that holds a sequence of characters (a string) type safety - ANSWER -ensuring a variable is only used in ways consistent with its data type, preventing type errors unnamed constant - ANSWER -a fixed value used directly in code without assigning it to a variable, also known as a magic number, like 3.14 for π variable - ANSWER -a named storage location in memory that can hold different values throughout a program
abstract step - ANSWER -a high-level action in an algorithm that describes what needs to be done without detailing how to do it algorithm - ANSWER -a step-by-step set of instructions designed to perform a specific task or solve a problem branch - ANSWER -a point in an algorithm where a decision is made, leading to different actions based on conditions (e.g., if- then statements) infinite loop - ANSWER -a loop that never ends because the termination condition is never met or is incorrectly written input - ANSWER -data that are provided to a program for processing loop control variable - ANSWER -a variable that determines whether the loop will continue running or stop, often incremented or modified within the loop nested structure - ANSWER -a programming construct where one control structure (like a loop or a conditional statement) is placed inside another output - ANSWER -data that are produced by a program and presented to the user or another system pretest loop - ANSWER -a loop that evaluates its condition before executing the body of the loop, such as a while loop
addition and multiplication) are performed in an expression to ensure consistent results Data types - ANSWER -Define the kind of data a variable can hold, such as integers, floating-point numbers, characters, and Booleans. Variables - ANSWER -Named storage locations in memory that hold data values, allowing programs to store, modify, and dynamically retrieve data during execution. Programming constructs - ANSWER -Elements like loops, conditionals, and functions that provide structure and control the flow of a program. Arithmetic operators - ANSWER -Tools for performing calculations in programming, including addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), and division (/). abstract data type - ANSWER -A blueprint for organizing and working with data that defines what operations can be performed on the data without specifying how they are implemented. array - ANSWER -A collection of items stored in a contiguous memory block, each identified by an index number. composite variable - ANSWER -A variable that can hold multiple pieces of data, often grouped together under a single name.
container - ANSWER -A data structure that holds a collection of elements, providing methods to add, remove, and access items within it. data structure - ANSWER -A way of organizing and storing data in a computer's memory designed to facilitate the efficient retrieval, insertion, and deletion of data. linked list - ANSWER -A sequence of elements where each element points to the next one, forming a chain. linked structure - ANSWER -Any structure composed of elements connected by links or pointers, enabling dynamic relationships among data elements. list - ANSWER -A collection of items arranged in a linear sequence, allowing for easy access to and the insertion and deletion of elements. queue - ANSWER -A data structure that follows a first-in, first-out (FIFO) order where elements are added to the back and removed from the front. record - ANSWER -A data structure that groups related pieces of information under a single name, typically consisting of multiple fields or attributes. stack - ANSWER -A data structure that follows a last-in, first-out (LIFO) order where elements are added and removed from the same end, known as the top.
case sensitive - ANSWER -when a programming language treats uppercase and lowercase letters as different characters class - ANSWER -a blueprint for creating objects in object-oriented programming that defines the properties and behaviors the objects will have compiler - ANSWER -a tool that translates source code written in a high-level programming language into machine code or bytecode that a computer can execute encapsulation - ANSWER -bundling data and methods that operate on the data into a single unit (a class) and restricting access to some of the object's components field - ANSWER -a variable associated with a class or object that represents a piece of data stored in that object inheritance - ANSWER -the creation of a new class based on an existing class, inheriting its properties and methods while adding new ones or modifying existing ones instantiate - ANSWER -the process of creating a specific instance of a class, resulting in an object interpreter - ANSWER -a tool that executes source code directly and translates it into machine code in real time rather than compiling it before
method - ANSWER -a function defined within a class that describes the behaviors or actions an object can perform object - ANSWER -an instance of a class containing data and methods defined by the class, representing a specific entity in a program paradigm - ANSWER -a style or approach to programming—such as object-oriented, procedural, or functional programming—that dictates how code is structured and organized polymorphism - ANSWER -a concept that allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass strong typing - ANSWER -a feature in which each variable has a specific type and you must follow strict rules about how types are used and combined, helping prevent errors in your code algorithm - ANSWER -a step-by-step procedure or set of rules designed to solve a specific problem or perform a particular task analysis - ANSWER -examining and understanding the problem thoroughly to identify its requirements, constraints, and objectives design - ANSWER -planning and creating a solution to the problem based on the analysis; often involves the creation of algorithms and data structures
software development lifecycle - ANSWER -a systematic process consisting of several phases that are followed to produce high- quality software Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) - ANSWER -an international organization dedicated to advancing computing as a science and profession code of ethics - ANSWER -professional code of conduct and ethical guidelines established by organizations and industry associations to govern the behavior of computer scientists and technology professionals Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) - ANSWER - an international organization focused on fostering innovation and excellence in electrical, electronics, and computing engineering privacy - ANSWER -respecting and protecting individuals' privacy and confidentiality in the collection, storage, and use of personal data professionalism - ANSWER -demonstrating competence, responsibility, and accountability in all professional activities and interactions public interest - ANSWER -prioritizing the well-being and safety of the public in the design, development, and deployment of computing technology and systems
security - ANSWER -ensuring the security and integrity of computing systems and data and taking measures to prevent unauthorized access, misuse, and harm copyright - ANSWER -a legal right granted to the creators of original works—such as literature, music, and art—protecting the creator's work from being used without permission cyberbullying - ANSWER -harassment and intimidation conducted through digital platforms, including social media, messaging apps, and online forums cybercrime - ANSWER -illegal activities conducted using computers and the internet, such as hacking, identity theft, and online fraud fair use - ANSWER -a legal doctrine that allows the limited use of copyrighted material file sharing - ANSWER -the practice of distributing or providing access to digital files—such as documents, music, or software— over the internet or a network intellectual property - ANSWER -creations of the mind, such as inventions, literary and artistic works, designs, symbols, names, and images malware - ANSWER -malicious software; refers to any software designed to harm, exploit, or otherwise compromise the operation of computers, networks, or devices
array - ANSWER -a collection of items stored at contiguous memory locations; each item can be accessed using an index binary search - ANSWER -a search algorithm that finds the position of a target value within a sorted array by repeatedly dividing the search interval in half bubble sort - ANSWER -a simple sorting algorithm that repeatedly steps through a list, compares adjacent elements, and swaps them if they are in the wrong order concrete step - ANSWER -a detailed action in an algorithm that specifies exactly how to perform a task count-controlled loop - ANSWER -a loop that repeats a specific number of times; controlled by a counter variable (e.g., 'for' loop) desk checking - ANSWER -a manual method of reviewing the logic of a program or algorithm using a pencil and paper instead of a computer event-controlled loop - ANSWER -a loop that continues to execute until a specific condition or event occurs, such as user input or a sensor reading heterogeneous - ANSWER -a term describing a collection of items that are of different types
homogenous - ANSWER -a term describing a collection of items that are all of the same type index - ANSWER -a numerical representation of an element's position within an array or list insertion sort - ANSWER -a sorting algorithm that builds the final sorted array one item at a time by inserting each new item into its correct position processing - ANSWER -the act of performing operations on data according to a set of instructions to achieve a desired result record - ANSWER -a composite variable that can store multiple fields of different data types, usually related to a single entity searching - ANSWER -the process of finding a specific item or value within a collection of data selection sort - ANSWER -a simple sorting algorithm that repeatedly finds the minimum element from the unsorted part of a list and moves it to the beginning sequential search (linear search) - ANSWER -a search algorithm that checks each element in a list one by one until the desired element is found or the list ends sorting - ANSWER -the process of arranging data in a particular order, such as ascending or descending
