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Midterm Practice
1.0 Practice Transcribing in IPA (transcribe according to MY
pronunciation)
fuming [fjumiŋ] boundaries [baʊndʒriz] contagious [kʌntedʒʌs] rhythm [rɪθm] | construction [kəәnstʃrʌkʃəәn]
2.0 Features: What do they mean?
What are the four general place of articulation features of consonants? labial coronal dorsal glottal What does it mean for a consonant to be [+approximant]? What kind of sound characterizes [+strident] consonants? Which vowels are [+rounded]? See Phonology Handouts
3.0 Syllabification Practice
- Syllabify the following words according to the Syllabification Algorithm and English phonotactic constraints: Consonants are ONLY syllabic if you put a mark beneath them. fuming σ σ 2 t1y O N O N C
[fj u m i ŋ]
boundaries σ σ t1y t1y O N C O N C
[b aʊ n dʒr i z]
contagious σ σ σ t1y 2 t1y O N C O N O N C
[k ʌ n t e dʒ ʌ s]
rhythm σ σ 2 2 O N O N
[r ɪ θ m]
| construction σ σ σ t1y t1y t1y O N C O N C O N C
[k əә n stʃr ʌ k ʃ əә n]
- Syllabify (if possible) the following words in Martian. o Following the Syllabification Algorithm o There are no complex onsets in this language o Only nasal consonants can be codas o Consonants that can be syllable nuclei are [n] and [ŋ] | | [bænsəәn] It can be syllabified. σ σ t1y t1y O N C O N C
[b æ n s əә n]
[bəәrænsŋ] It can’t be syllabified. [nsŋ] is not a legal coda in Martian. σ σ 2 t1u O N O N C *[b əә r æ nsŋ] [kɛrntɪp] It can’t be syllabified. [rn] is not a legal coda in Martian. σ σ t1y t1y O N C O N C *[k ɛ rn t ɪ p]
4 .0 More Phonology Practice
Problem 1: German Consider the distribution of [ɡ] and [ɣ]. [vaːɤəәn] ‘car’ [taːɣəәn] ‘days’ [naːɣəәn] ‘nibble’ [taʊɣnəәçts] ‘idler’ [fuːɣəәn] ‘fit together’ [aʊɣəәn] ‘eyes’ [ɡəәfloːɣəәn] ‘flown’ [boːɣəәn] ‘arch’ [zoɣəәn] ‘crystallize’ [ziːɡəәn] ‘conquer’ [bəәrɡ] ‘mountain’ [føːɡlam] ‘bird’ [møːɡəәn] ‘can’ [reːɡəәn] ‘rain’ [ɡɪnɡəәn] ‘went’ [ɡanɡəәs] ‘Ganges’ [ʊnɡarn] ‘Hungary’ [ziɡnaːl] ‘signal’ [ɡrɔk] ‘grog’ [ɡ] [ɤ] #əә iːəә r_# øl øəә eːəә nəә n_a i_n #r a:əә aʊn uəә aʊəә oːəә o_əә No generalization about where [ɡ] occurs. [ɤ] occurs before [əә] and [n], but so can [ɡ], so that won’t be enough. [ɤ] occurs after [aː, aʊ, u, o]. /ɡ/ [ɤ] / [-front, +vocalic] __ [+sonorant] In features, now: /+voiced, +velar, +dorsal, - continuant/ [+continuant] / [-front, +vocalic] __ [+sonorant] /+voiced, +velar, +dorsal, - continuant/ [+voiced, +velar, +dorsal, - continuant] / elsewhere
Problem 3: Deletion in Martian Word-final vowels sometimes delete in Martian. Write a phonological rule that tells me which vowels delete and under what conditions (i.e., in what environment). /kabi/ [kabi] /kove/ [kove] /kodʌ/ [kodʌ] /kopɪ/ [kop] *[kopɪ] /korɪ/ [korɪ] /kiʃʌ/ [kiʃ] *[kiʃʌ] /lɔθʊ/ [lɔθ] *[lɔθʊ] Figuring out the solution is a two step process. Which vowels delete? And where? [i] [e] [ʌ] [ɪ] [ʊ] b_# v_# d_# r_# deletes after [p] Deletes after [θ] Only [ɪ, ʊ] delete. They delete after [p] and [θ]. They do not delete after [r]. /+high/ [ø] / [-voiced] __ # /+high/ [+high] / elsewhere
6.0 Morphophonology Practice
Problem 1: Somali Singular Singular definite
13 daːr ɡeːs luɡ naːɡ tib sab bad ʔid feːɖ ul bil meːl kaliːl daːrta ɡeːsta luɡta naːɡta tibta sabta bada ʔida feːɖa ulta bilta meːlta kaliːlta There are two forms of the morpheme that means “singular definite.” What are they? Things to know: [ɖ] is exactly like [d] except that it is [+retroflex, - alveolar] [ta] [a] r_# s_# g_# b_# l_# d_# ɖ_# /ta DEF SING./ [a DEF SING] / [+coronal, - continuant, +voiced] ___ # /ta DEF SING./ [ta DEF SING] / elsewhere
