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21ST CENTURY LITERATURE

FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND

THE WORLD

TOPIC: 21st Century Literature in Various Regions

21st Century Literature in Various Regions

 Topics under this module

 Philippine Literature during the Precolonial Period

 Philippine Literature during the Spanish Colonial

Period

 Philippine Literature during the American and the

Japanese Periods

 Philippine Literature in the Postwar and

Contemporary Period

 Life and Works of Jose Garcia Villa

 Life and Works of Carlos P. Romulo

 Life and Works of Francisco Arcellana

 Life and Works of Nestor Vicente Madali (N.V.M.)

Gonzalez

 Life and Works of Edith L. Tiempo

 Life and Works of F. Sionil Jose

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to

identify the characteristics of precolonial

literature of the Philippines.

What texts are considered precolonial literature?

Objective

Learn about it!

The precolonial literature includes all literature produced before the Spanish colonization like chants, proverbs, songs, and folk narratives. These were all passed down from generation to generation by word of mouth. Philippine folk narratives are varied and distinct. They depict the people’s livelihood, customs, and traditions.  1. Folktale – This is a characteristically anonymous, timeless, and placeless tale circulated orally among a people.  2. Fable – This features animal characters or inanimate objects that behave like people.  3. Legend – This is presented as history but is unlikely to be true.  4. Myth – This is told to explain a belief, a practice, or a natural phenomenon.  5. Epic – This narrative poem celebrates the adventures and achievements of a hero.

Example 2: Juan Pusong and His Father’s Cows (A Visayan Folktale) One day Juan Pusong's father put his cows out to pasture. Juan slipped away from home and took the cows into the forest and tied them there. When his father found out that the cows were missing, he looked around for them. While looking, he ran into his son. “Where did you come from?” he asked. “I just came from school, Father. How about you, where are you going?” “I am looking for our cows.” “You don’t say!" said Juan. By that time, everybody knew about Juan’s power as a seer. So, he took a little book from his pocket and looked into it. He said, “Our cows are tied together in the forest.” So, his father went to the forest and found the cows. Later on, people would discover that Juan could not read even his own name. Consequently, his father beat him for the trick he had played on him.

Fable The monkey is a common animal character in Philippine fables. It is often depicted as a cunning animal. Example: The Monkey and the Crocodile (A Tagalog Fable) One day, a monkey saw a tall macopa tree laden with ripe fruits, which stood by a wide river. It was hungry, so it climbed the tree and ate all of the fruits. When it climbed down, it could find no means by which to cross the river. Then it saw a young crocodile who had just woken up from its siesta. It said to the crocodile in a friendly way, “My dear crocodile, will you do me a favor?” The crocodile was greatly surprised by the monkey’s amicable salutation. So, it answered humbly, “Oh, yes! If there is anything I can do for you, I shall be glad to do it.” The monkey then told the crocodile that it wanted to get to the other side of the river. Then the crocodile said, “I’ll take you there with all my heart. Just sit on my back, and we’ll go at once.” The monkey sat firmly on the crocodile’s back, and they began to move. In a short while they reached the middle of the stream. Then the crocodile began to laugh aloud. “You foolish monkey!” it said, “I’ll eat your liver and kidneys, for I’m very hungry.” The monkey became nervous.

Legend There are different Filipino legends of the great flood. The story of Bukidnon, for instance, tells that a huge crab caused the water to rise by going into the sea. On the other hand, the Igorot story tells that the sons of Lumawig the Great Spirit caused the flood. Example 1: The Flood Story (A Legend of Bukidnon) A long time ago there was a very big crab which crawled into the sea. When it went in, it crowded the water out so that it ran all over the earth and covered all the land. Now about one moon before the flood happened, a wise man had told the people that they must build a large raft. They did as he commanded and cut many large trees until they had enough to make three layers. These they bound tightly together; when it was done, they fastened the raft with a long rattan cord to a big pole in the earth. Soon after the raft was done, the flood came. White water poured out of the hills, and the sea rose and covered even the highest mountains. The people and animals on the raft were safe, but all the others drowned. Soon the waters went down, and the raft was again on the ground. It was near their old home, for the rattan cord had held. The people on the raft together with the animals were the only ones left on the whole earth.

Example 2: The Flood Story (A Legend of the Igorot) Once upon a time, the world was flat, and there were no mountains. There lived two sons of Lumawig, the Great Spirit. The brothers were fond of hunting; since no mountains had formed, there was no good place to catch wild pig and deer. The older brother said, “Let us cause water to flow over all the world and cover it, and then mountains will rise up.” So, the brothers caused water to flow over all the earth. When it was covered, they took the head-basket of the town and set it for a trap. They were very much pleased when they went to look at their trap, for they had caught not only many wild pigs and deer but also many people. Lumawig looked down from his place in the sky and saw that his sons had flooded the earth. However, there was just one spot which was not covered. All the people in the world had been drowned except a brother and a sister who lived in Pokis. Then Lumawig descended, and he called to the boy and girl, saying, “Oh, you are still alive.”

Myth

There are Philippine versions of the creation myth. The Igorot’s story tells

that Lumawig the Great Spirit created people. On the other hand, the

Tagalog story tells that the first man and woman came from a bamboo.

Example 1: The Creation (An Igorot Myth) In the beginning, there were no people on the earth. Lumawig, the Great Spirit, came down from the sky and cut many reeds. He divided the reeds into pairs which he placed in different parts of the world, and then he said to them, “You must speak.” Immediately the reeds became people, and in each place was a man and a woman who could talk. However, the language of each couple differed from that of the others. Then Lumawig commanded each man and woman to marry, which they did. By and by there were many children, all speaking the same language as their parents. The children married and had many children of their own. In this way, there came to be many people on the earth.

 (^) Now Lumawig saw that there were several things which the people on the earth needed to use, so he set to work to supply them. He created salt and told the inhabitants of one place to boil it down and sell it to their neighbors. However, the people could not understand the directions. The next time he visited them, they had not touched the salt. So, he took the salt away from them and gave it to the people of a place called Mayinit.  (^) The people of Mayinit did as Lumawig directed. Because of their obedience, he told them that they should always be owners of the salt and that the other peoples must buy of them.  (^) Then Lumawig went to the people of Bontoc and told them to get clay and make pots. They got the clay, but they did not understand the molding; the jars were not well shaped. Because of their failure, Lumawig told them that they would always have to buy their jars, and he removed the pottery to Samoki.  (^) Lumawig told the people of Samoki what to do, and they did just as he said. Their jars were well shaped and beautiful. Then Lumawig saw that they were fit owners of the pottery, and he told them that they should always make many jars to sell.  (^) In this way, Lumawig taught the people and brought to them all the things which they now have.

 (^) The earthquake called on all the birds and fish to see what should be done with the man and the woman, and it was decided that they should marry. Many children were born to the couple, and from them came all the different races of people.  (^) After a while the parents grew very tired of having so many idle and useless children around. They wished to be rid of them, but they knew of no place to send them to. Time went on, and the children became so numerous that the parents enjoyed no peace. One day, in desperation, the father seized a stick and began beating them on all sides.  (^) The beating frightened the children so much that they fled in different directions. Some seek hidden rooms in the house. Some concealed themselves in the walls. Some ran outside, while others hid in the fireplace. Several fled to the sea.  (^) Now it happened that those who went into the hidden rooms of the house later became the chiefs of the islands; and those who concealed themselves in the walls became slaves. Those who ran outside were free men; and those who hid in the fireplace became negroes; while those who fled to the sea were gone many years, and when their children came back they were the white people.

Epic The Philippine epics are sung or chanted in episodes. They feature supernatural characters and reflect the society where they originated. Also, there are different versions of a story. Examples: Biag ni Lam-ang This Ilocano epic tells the adventures of Lam-ang, a man with supernatural powers. He goes to war at nine-months-old and seeks the killers of his father. He embarks on a quest with his animal friends and meets his future wife, Innes Kanoyan. He is swallowed by a fish and resurrected from death by his animal friends. Hinilawod This epic is of the Sulod, a group of people living in the mountains of central Panay. It tells the story of three very strong men, namely, Labaw Donggon, Humadapnon, and Dumalapdap. They are the sons of Datu Paubari, the ruler of Halawod, and the goddess Alunsina. The exploits of each son concerns beautiful women that he wants to have as a wife. Darangan This Maranao epic depicts the adventures of a brave warrior named Bantugan. He owns a magical sword protected by a spirit. After a battle, he rests and accidentally falls into the water. A crocodile finds him and brings him to the enemies. He fights, regains his strength, and wins the war.

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE DURING THE SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

• (^) Name some literary works published during the Spanish Colonial Period, and
• (^) analyze some literary works.

Objectives