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A(n) _____________ is an advantageous location, usually a barrier to fire spread, from which to start constructing a fireline. It is used to minimize the chance of being flanked by the fire while the line is being constructed. - -correct ans- -Anchor point What term describes the behavior of a fire spreading rapidly with a well-defined head? - -correct ans- -Running The entire outer edge or boundary of a fire is defined as __________. - -correct ans- -Fire perimeter What is a unit of measure popular in fire management, equal to 66 feet? - -correct ans- -A chain A long, narrow extension of a fire projecting from the main body is a __________. - -correct ans- -Finger What part of the fire is the most rapidly spreading portion of a fire's perimeter, usually to the leeward or upslope? - -correct ans- -Head What term describes a spinning vortex column of ascending hot air and gases rising from a fire and carrying aloft smoke, debris, and flame? - -correct ans- -Fire whirl What term describes a fire burning without presence of flame or direct flame and barely spreading? - -correct ans- -Smoldering
What are the three methods of heat transfer? - -correct ans- -Convection, Conduction, and Radiation What are the three elements of the fire triangle? - -correct ans- -Oxygen, Fuel, and Heat Which fuel type is the primary carrier of fire once ignition has occurred? - -correct ans- -Surface fuels Houses, vehicles, and trash are examples of what fuel type? - -correct ans- -Artificial What fuel type consists of dead leaves, needles, and twigs on the forest floor? - -correct ans- - Timber litter The terms describing vertical fuel arrangement, from highest orientation to lowest, are: - - correct ans- -Aerial fuels, ladder fuels, surface fuels, ground fuels What is the single most important factor in determining how well a fuel will ignite and burn? - - correct ans- -Moisture content What fuel is the primary carrier of fire the Central Texas area? - -correct ans- -Grass ______________ fuels are distributed continuously over an area and in contact with each other.
- -correct ans- -Uniform _____________ do not spread fire quickly, but they can pose problems for containing fires. - - correct ans- -Ground Fuels True or False: "Brush" is one of the six fuel types. - -correct ans- -False
True or False: Generally, warmer temperatures and lower RH values are found in the lower elevations and cooler temperatures and higher RH values are found at higher elevations. - - correct ans- -True True or False: North and northwest slopes are the most critical in terms of start and spread of wildland fires. - -correct ans- -False Aside from rapid uphill spread, another concern with steep slopes is the possibility of burning material __________ and ___________. - -correct ans- -rolling down the hill and igniting fuel below the main fire Fires starting in steep, narrow canyons can easily spread to fuels on the opposite side due to ____________ and ___________. - -correct ans- -Radiant heat and spotting True or False: Topographic influences on wildland fire behavior are much more difficult to predict than influences of fuel and weather. - -correct ans- -False A fire at the 0-5% slope range is primarily influenced by ___________ and ______________. - - correct ans- -wind and fuel arrangement Wind blowing through a _____________ or ______________ can increase in speed as it passes through the constricted area and spreads out on the downwind side. - -correct ans- -Chute or saddle What is aspect? - -correct ans- -Cardinal direction toward which a slope faces A small ridge which extends finger -lie from a main ridge is called a _____________. - -correct ans- -Spur ridge
A(n) _____________ is a layer of very stable air that severely limits the upward movement of air.
- -correct ans- -Inversion Which of the following are Stable Atmospheric Indicators? - -correct ans- -Stratus clouds Haze Low fire intensity All of the above Clouds can modify the fire environment by changing all of the following, except: - -correct ans- - Topography Downslope windspeeds range from _____ to _____ mph. - -correct ans- -2 to 5 ______ carries away moisture-laden air and hastens the drying of wildland fuels. - -correct ans- - Wind Down-valley wind speeds range from ______ to _______ mph. - -correct ans- -5 to 10 True or False: Wind is easy to predict, even in complex terrain. - -correct ans- -False What is the most critical factor affecting fire behavior? - -correct ans- -Wind Signs of a dissipating inversion include all of the following, except: - -correct ans- -Fire behavior decreases. ________ developed clouds are made up of water and ice and indicate unstable atmospheric conditions. - -correct ans- -Vertically
Thunderstorm downdraft wind velocities will often be _____ to _____ mph and can reach as high as ______ mph. - -correct ans- -25 to 35 mph high as 75 Air masses behind a cold front tend to be __________ than the air mass ahead of the cold front - -correct ans- -More stable True or False: If a fire grows large enough, a pyro-cumulus cloud may continue to grow and can develop into a type of thunderstorm cloud. - -correct ans- -True What is the term for precipitation falling out of a cloud, but evaporating before reaching the ground? - -correct ans- -Virga In addition to changes in temperature, RH, and atmospheric stability, the approaching cold front typically results in: - -correct ans- -Strong and shifting winds What is a primary concern of thunderstorms? - -correct ans- -Downdrafts Winds associated with a ____________ are typically gusty and erratic - -correct ans- -None of the above The direction of movement of a thunderstorm cloud can be determined by what? - -correct ans- -The direction the anvil shaped top is pointing What type of cloud forms during unstable conditions where smoke moisture condenses to form a cumulus cloud? - -correct ans- -Pyro-cumulus ________ is when the components of fuel, weather, and topography interact and align to create optimal conditions for extreme fire behavior. - -correct ans- -Alignment
Which is the most dynamic of the three main components contributing to wildfire behavior? - - correct ans- -Weather Alignment of the three primary wildland fire environment components (fuel, weather, and topography) increases the potential for _______ - -correct ans- -Extreme fire behavior The primary wildland fire environment components are _________, __________, and _________. - -correct ans- -Fuels, Weather, and Topography The blade of a fire shovel should be sharpened starting __________ from the heel on each side.
- -correct ans- -1.5 inches What kind of oil should NOT be applied to a wooden tool handle? - -correct ans- -olive oil Which of the following is not one of the 5 "S's" of firefighting hand tools? - -correct ans- -Slick The adze or grubbing end of a Pulaski should be sharpened at what angle? - -correct ans- - degrees The McLeod tool consists of two sides: _____________ and ____________. - -correct ans- -Hoe and tines How much water do backpack pumps typically carry? - -correct ans- -5 gallons What is the first thing to check for if your backpack pump stops flowing water? - -correct ans- - Water in the tank Which tool combines an axe and an adze (grubbing end)? - -correct ans- -Pulaski
Pincer attack All of the above When engaged in a "holding" operation, consider using ___________ wildland hose for access to the rear of the structure. - -correct ans- -1-1/2 inch Where do you find the list of the Standard Firefighting Orders and the Watch Out Situations? - - correct ans- -On the back cover of the guide What color are the pages related to "Operational Engagement"? - -correct ans- -Green What color are the pages that relate to "Aviation"? - -correct ans- -Blue What do the letters L-C-E-S stand for? - -correct ans- -Lookout, commutation, escape routes, safety zones Based on the information provided in the White Pages, what is the Fire's Growth Potential when the Haines Index is a "4"? - -correct ans- -low potential Based on the information provided in the White Pages, what is the Fire's Growth Potential when the Haines Index is a "6"? - -correct ans- -high potential How big does the Safety Circle need to be for a Type I Helicopter? How about for the Touchdown Pad? - -correct ans- -110' 30x30 clear level Regarding Safety Zones, what is the Separation Distance (firefighter to flames) when the flame height is 20'? - -correct ans- -80'
Which of the following is NOT one of the five major common denominators of fire behavior on fatal and near-fatal fires? - -correct ans- -In relatively heavy fuels such as slash imber Which of the following is NOT one of the four main questions to be asked and answered at an After Action Review (AAR)? - -correct ans- -who fault was it? Which of the following should not be taken inside your fire shelter and should be discarded well away from the deployment site? - -correct ans- -Fusees What size area should be cleared to mineral soil to deploy your fire shelter on, if time allows? - - correct ans- -4x When deploying your fire shelter, which way should your feet face? - -correct ans- -Toward the fire front During a fire shelter deployment, which of the following should be taken with you inside the shelter? - -correct ans- -Radio All PPE Water All of the above Fire shelters are designed to reflect ________% of radiant heat. - -correct ans- -95% What are heat cramps? - -correct ans- -A condition that should be remedied with hydration and getting out of the sun. What is the best way to combat dehydration while fighting a wildfire? - -correct ans- -Drink water before, while, and after working.
What does LCES stand for? - -correct ans- -Lookouts Communications Escape Routes Safety Zones A properly designated safety zone? A. Is the size of the expected flame length B. Is not in the black unless neccessary C. Should not require the deployment of a fire shelter D. stays in the same place as the fireline moves toward it. - -correct ans- -C Firefighters are exposed to the most toxic smoke during which acivity? A. Acting as a lookout B. constructing a fireline C.mop up D. direct attack - -correct ans- -C How far should firefighters be when walking on the fireline with handtools? A. 3 ft B. at least 10 ft C. 30 ft or more D. 0-6 ft - -correct ans- -B To avoid rolling rocks that may injure you, you should never? A. create fireline on a steep slope
B. walk uphill with handtools C. work below a dozer D. construct fireline downhill - -correct ans- -C What is a safety guideline for working around helicopters? A. Always load and unload in teams of four B.always wear a helmet C.do not approach from the rear D.remove wildland ppe before approaching - -correct ans- -C What is the relationship between wind and topogrpahy? A. Toppgraphy has little to no effect on wind/ B.topogrpahy can change wind direction and speed. C. topogrpahy can decrease wind speed but not increase it D. can change wind direction but not wind speed - -correct ans- -B What is a way wind affects wildland fire spread? A. removing oxygen which hinders combustion B. by removing moisture ladden air C. driving radiant heat to other fuels D. by bending flames closer to unburned fuels, pre heating, drying, and igniting them. - -correct ans- -D. Why do fires burn slower at night? A. Fuel moisture is lower at night B. warm air during the day holds moisture
D. Bring vertical shafts of air that lift and carry fire brands - -correct ans- -B. Which part of the fire spreads the quickest? A. Point of origin B. flanks C.fingers D. head - -correct ans- -D What type of fireline is constructed on a hillside where there is the possibility of burning and rolling downhill across the fireline? A.Black line B. open line C. scratch line D. undercut line - -correct ans- -D As a general rule, the width of a fireline should be ______ times as wide as the predominant fuel is tall? A. B. C. 2. D.1.5 - -correct ans- -D What can hinder and limit available common fireline construction methods? A.Area enclosed in fences B. areas not easily accessible by roadway C. area being used for agroculture
D.area has fuels designated wilderness or historically sensitive - -correct ans- -D What is one objective of burning out? A. Widen the control line B.move the line to heavy fuels C. used as a method of indirect attack D. to create indrafts that push burnouts to the main fire - -correct ans- -A Why are wetting agents added to water used to extinguish a wildland fire? A. To provide additional reach of the fire stream B. to remove oxygen from the combustion process C. To allow water to penetrate the fuels or ash piles D. To increase the temp at which water converts to steam - -correct ans- -C Mobile attack can only be used when? A. Fuels are light B. atmosphere is stable C. aircraft suport is exhausted D. the fire gets too large into brush or trees - -correct ans- -A Where do you begin making a flanking attack with an engine? A. The head B. the green/ unburned fuel C. the farthest point from the head D.An anchor point such as a road - -correct ans- -D
C. stops and it will not continue further down the slope D. picks ups speed until the slope changes orientation again. - -correct ans- -B To guide an aircraft from the ground, use known topographical features, reference part of the fire, and A. Communicate using ten codes B. provide GPS coordinates to the pilot C. use flares to point the aircraft in the desired direction of travel D. use clock orientation with 12 o clock at the nose of the aircraftand 6 o clock at the tail - - correct ans- -D. When sizing up weather conditions, what is a method for determining if the air is stable? A. Check the smoke column B. Check the relative humidity C. determine the slope of the land D. determine if the slope is rising or falling - -correct ans- -A. What is always the first incident priority? A. Life safety B. property protection C. resource protection D. incident stabilization - -correct ans- -A What is true of a direct attack method? A. Should be conducted in heavier fuels B. occurs directly in the flaming edge of the fire.
C. fireline is constructed at least 100ft from the fires edge. D. direct attack should not be conducted if the flame length is greater than one foot. - -correct ans- -B What method of direct attack involves securing an anchor point and moving along the fireline as fast as the fire is extiinguished? A. Pincer B. tandem C. flanking D. envelopement - -correct ans- -C When performing wet mop up, you should? A. Not use a wetting agent B. apply water from inside the hot area out C. utilize a system that includes spray, stir, and spray again D. apply water in a straight stream because it conserves water - -correct ans- -C On a large fire you will need to approach mop up in a systamatic way by? A. Working inward from the control line B. moving from uburned areas into burned areas C. starting with the cool areas and moving into the hotter area D. assigning mop up tasks to only the most experianced wildland firefighters - -correct ans- -A Where humans and developement meet or are intermixed with wildland fuels is also known as A. Suburban/ wildland area B. wildland/ urban interface
