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Which of the following attacks would cause all mobile devices to lose their association with corporate access points while the attack is underway? A. Wireless jamming B. Evil twin C. Rogue AP D. Packet sniffing - - correct ans- - Answer: A Explanation: When most people think of frequency jamming, what comes to mind are radio, radar and cell phone jamming. However, any communication that uses radio frequencies can be jammed by a strong radio signal in the same frequency. In this manner, Wi-Fi may be attacked with a network jamming attack, reducing signal quality until it becomes unusable or disconnects occur. With very similar methods, a focused and aimed signal can actually break access point hardware, as with equipment destruction attacks. The system administrator has been notified that many users are having difficulty connecting to the company's wireless network. They take a new laptop and physically go to the access point and connect with no problems. Which of the following would be the MOST likely cause? A. The certificate used to authenticate users has been compromised and revoked. B. Multiple war drivers in the parking lot have exhausted all available IPs from the pool to deny access. C. An attacker has gained access to the access point and has changed the encryption keys. D. An unauthorized access point has been configured to operate on the same channel. - - correct ans- - Answer: D
Explanation: Wireless Access Points can be configured to use a channel. If you have multiple access points within range of each other, you should configure the access points to use different channels. Different channels use different frequencies. If you have two access points using the same channel, their Wi-Fi signals will interfere with each other. The question states that that many users are having difficulty connecting to the company's wireless network. This is probably due to the signal being weakened by interference from another access point using the same channel. When the administrator takes a new laptop and physically goes to the access point and connects with no problems, he is able to connect because he is near the access point and therefore has a strong signal. After viewing wireless traffic, an attacker notices the following networks are being broadcasted by local access points: Corpnet Coffeeshop FreePublicWifi Using this information the attacker spoofs a response to make nearby laptops connect back to a malicious device. Which of the following has the attacker created? A. Infrastructure as a Service B. Load balancer C. Evil twin D. Virtualized network - - correct ans- - Answer: C Explanation: In this question, the attacker has created another wireless network that is impersonating one of more of the three wireless networks listed in the question. This is known as an Evil Twin. An evil twin, in the context of network security, is a rogue or fake wireless access point (WAP) that appears as a genuine hotspot offered by a legitimate provider.
The question states that the corporate wireless network has been standardized. By 'standardized' it means the wireless network access points are running on hardware from the same vendor. We can see this from the MAC addresses used. The first half of a MAC address is vendor specific. The second half is network adapter specific. We have four devices with MAC addresses that start with 00:10:A1. The "odd one out" is the device with a MAC address starting FB:90:11. This device is from a different vendor. The SSID of the wireless network on this access point is the same as the other legitimate access points. Therefore, the access point with a MAC address starting FB:90:11 is impersonating the corporate access points. This is known as an Evil Twin. An evil twin, in the context of network security, is a rogue or fake wireless access point (WAP) that appears as a genuine hotspot offered by a legitimate provider. In an evil twin attack, an eavesdropper or hacker fraudulently creates this rogue hotspot to collect the personal data of unsuspecting users. Sensitive data can be stolen by spying on a connection or using a phishing technique. For example, a hacker using an evil twin exploit may be positioned near an authentic Wi-Fi access point and discover the service set identifier (SSID) and frequency. The hacker may then send a radio signal using the exact same frequency and SSID. To end users, the rogue evil twin appears as their legitimate hotspot with the same name. In wireless transmissions, evil twins are not a new phenomenon. Historically, they were known as honeypots or base station clones. With the advancement of wireless technology and the use of wireless devices in public areas, it is very easy for novice users to set up evil twin exploits. Which of the following types of wireless attacks would be used specifically to impersonate another WAP in order to gain unauthorized information from mobile users? A. IV attack B. Evil twin C. War driving D. Rogue access point - - correct ans- - Answer: B Explanation:
An evil twin, in the context of network security, is a rogue or fake wireless access point (WAP) that appears as a genuine hotspot offered by a legitimate provider. In an evil twin attack, an eavesdropper or hacker fraudulently creates this rogue hotspot to collect the personal data of unsuspecting users. Sensitive data can be stolen by spying on a connection or using a phishing technique. For example, a hacker using an evil twin exploit may be positioned near an authentic Wi-Fi access point and discover the service set identifier (SSID) and frequency. The hacker may then send a radio signal using the exact same frequency and SSID. To end users, the rogue evil twin appears as their legitimate hotspot with the same name. In wireless transmissions, evil twins are not a new phenomenon. Historically, they were known as honeypots or base station clones. With the advancement of wireless technology and the use of wireless devices in public areas, it is very easy for novice users to set up evil twin exploits. Matt, an administrator, is concerned about the wireless network being discovered by war driving. Which of the following can be done to mitigate this? A. Enforce a policy for all users to authentic through a biometric device. B. Disable all SSID broadcasting. C. Ensure all access points are running the latest firmware. D. Move all access points into public access areas. - - correct ans- - Answer: B Explanation: B: War driving is the act of using a detection tool to look for wireless networking signals. The setting making a wireless network closed (or at least hidden) is the disabling of service set identifier (SSID) broadcasting. Thus by disabling all SSID broadcasting you can mitigate the risk of war driving. Which of the following describes how Sara, an attacker, can send unwanted advertisements to a mobile device?
Bluejacking is the sending of unsolicited messages over Bluetooth to Bluetooth-enabled devices such as mobile phones, PDAs or laptop computers, sending a vCard which typically contains a message in the name field (i.e., for bluedating or bluechat) to another Bluetooth-enabled device via the OBEX protocol. Bluetooth has a very limited range, usually around 10 metres (32.8 ft) on mobile phones, but laptops can reach up to 100 metres (328 ft) with powerful (Class 1) transmitters. Bluejacking is usually harmless, but because bluejacked people generally don't know what has happened, they may think that their phone is malfunctioning. Usually, a bluejacker will only send a text message, but with modern phones it's possible to send images or sounds as well. Bluejacking has been used in guerrilla marketing campaigns to promote advergames A user commuting to work via public transport received an offensive image on their smart phone from another commuter. Which of the following attacks MOST likely took place? A. War chalking B. Bluejacking C. War driving D. Bluesnarfing - - correct ans- - Answer: B Explanation: The question states that the 'attack' took place on public transport and was received on a smartphone. Therefore, it is most likely that the image was sent using Bluetooth. Bluejacking is the sending of unsolicited messages over Bluetooth to Bluetooth-enabled devices such as mobile phones, PDAs or laptop computers, sending a vCard which typically contains a message in the name field (i.e., for bluedating or bluechat) to another Bluetooth-enabled device via the OBEX protocol. Bluetooth has a very limited range, usually around 10 metres (32.8 ft) on mobile phones, but laptops can reach up to 100 metres (328 ft) with powerful (Class 1) transmitters. Bluejacking is usually harmless, but because bluejacked people generally don't know what has happened, they may think that their phone is malfunctioning. Usually, a bluejacker will only send a text message, but with modern phones it's possible to send images or sounds
as well. Bluejacking has been used in guerrilla marketing campaigns to promote advergames Which of the following is characterized by an attack against a mobile device? A. Evil twin B. Header manipulation C. Blue jacking D. Rogue AP - - correct ans- - Answer: C Explanation: A bluejacking attack is where unsolicited messages are sent to mobile devices using Bluetooth. Bluejacking is the sending of unsolicited messages over Bluetooth to Bluetooth-enabled devices such as mobile phones, PDAs or laptop computers, sending a vCard which typically contains a message in the name field (i.e., for bluedating or bluechat) to another Bluetooth-enabled device via the OBEX protocol. Bluetooth has a very limited range, usually around 10 metres (32.8 ft) on mobile phones, but laptops can reach up to 100 metres (328 ft) with powerful (Class 1) transmitters. Bluejacking is usually harmless, but because bluejacked people generally don't know what has happened, they may think that their phone is malfunctioning. Usually, a bluejacker will only send a text message, but with modern phones it's possible to send images or sounds as well. Bluejacking has been used in guerrilla marketing campaigns to promote advergames. Which of the following attacks allows access to contact lists on cellular phones? A. War chalking B. Blue jacking C. Packet sniffing D. Bluesnarfing - - correct ans- - Answer: D
After a user performed a war driving attack, the network administrator noticed several similar markings where WiFi was available throughout the enterprise. Which of the following is the term used to describe these markings? A. IV attack B. War dialing C. Rogue access points D. War chalking - - correct ans- - Answer: D Explanation: War chalking is the act of making chalk marks on outdoor surfaces (walls, sidewalks, buildings, sign posts, trees) to indicate the existence of an open wireless network connection, usually offering an Internet connection so that others can benefit from the free wireless access. The open connections typically come from the access points of wireless networks located within buildings to serve enterprises. The chalk symbols indicate the type of access point that is available at that specific spot. The practice of marking open wireless access points is called which of the following? A. War dialing B. War chalking C. War driving D. Evil twin - - correct ans- - Answer: B Explanation: War chalking is the act of making chalk marks on outdoor surfaces (walls, sidewalks, buildings, sign posts, trees) to indicate the existence of an open wireless network connection, usually offering an Internet connection so that others can benefit from the free wireless access. The open connections typically come from the access points of wireless networks located within buildings to serve enterprises. The chalk symbols indicate the type of access point that is available at that specific spot.
Which of the following types of attacks involves interception of authentication traffic in an attempt to gain unauthorized access to a wireless network? A. Near field communication B. IV attack C. Evil twin D. Replay attack - - correct ans- - Answer: B Explanation: An initialization vector is a random number used in combination with a secret key as a means to encrypt data. This number is sometimes referred to as a nonce, or "number occurring once," as an encryption program uses it only once per session. An initialization vector is used to avoid repetition during the data encryption process, making it impossible for hackers who use dictionary attack to decrypt the exchanged encrypted message by discovering a pattern. This is known as an IV attack. A particular binary sequence may be repeated more than once in a message, and the more it appears, the more the encryption method is discoverable. For example if a one-letter word exists in a message, it may be either "a" or "I" but it can't be "e" because the word "e" is non-sensical in English, while "a" has a meaning and "I" has a meaning. Repeating the words and letters makes it possible for software to apply a dictionary and discover the binary sequence corresponding to each letter. Using an initialization vector changes the binary sequence corresponding to each letter, enabling the letter "a" to be represented by a particular sequence in the first instance, and then represented by a completely different binary sequence in the second instance. WEP (Wireless Equivalent Privacy) is vulnerable to an IV attack. Because RC4 is a stream cipher, the same traffic key must never be used twice. The purpose of an IV, which is transmitted as plain text, is to prevent any repetition, but a 24-bit IV is not long enough to ensure this on a busy network. The way the IV was used also opened WEP to a related key attack. For a 24- bit IV, there is a 50% probability the same IV will repeat after 5000 packets. Sara, a security administrator, is noticing a slow down in the wireless network response. Sara launches a wireless sniffer and sees a large number of ARP packets being sent to the AP. Which of the following type of attacks is underway?
A. Spear phishing B. Packet sniffing C. Impersonation D. MAC flooding - - correct ans- - Answer: B Explanation: A Protocol Analyzer is a hardware device or more commonly a software program used to capture network data communications sent between devices on a network. Capturing packets sent from a computer system is known as packet sniffing. However, packet sniffing requires a physical connection to the network. The switch hidden in the ceiling is used to provide the physical connection to the network. Well known software protocol analyzers include Message Analyzer (formerly Network Monitor) from Microsoft and Wireshark (formerly Ethereal). A sniffer (packet sniffer) is a tool that intercepts data flowing in a network. If computers are connected to a local area network that is not filtered or switched, the traffic can be broadcast to all computers contained in the same segment. This doesn't generally occur, since computers are generally told to ignore all the comings and goings of traffic from other computers. However, in the case of a sniffer, all traffic is shared when the sniffer software commands the Network Interface Card (NIC) to stop ignoring the traffic. The NIC is put into promiscuous mode, and it reads communications between computers within a particular segment. This allows the sniffer to seize everything that is flowing in the network, which can lead to the unauthorized access of sensitive data. A packet sniffer can take the form of either a hardware or software solution. A sniffer is also known as a packet analyzer. Which statement is TRUE about the operation of a packet sniffer? A. It can only have one interface on a management network. B. They are required for firewall operation and stateful inspection. C. The Ethernet card must be placed in promiscuous mode. D. It must be placed on a single virtual LAN interface. - - correct ans- - Answer: C
Explanation: A sniffer (packet sniffer) is a tool that intercepts data flowing in a network. If computers are connected to a local area network that is not filtered or switched, the traffic can be broadcast to all computers contained in the same segment. This doesn't generally occur, since computers are generally told to ignore all the comings and goings of traffic from other computers. However, in the case of a sniffer, all traffic is shared when the sniffer software commands the Network Interface Card (NIC) to stop ignoring the traffic. The NIC is put into promiscuous mode, and it reads communications between computers within a particular segment. This allows the sniffer to seize everything that is flowing in the network, which can lead to the unauthorized access of sensitive data. A packet sniffer can take the form of either a hardware or software solution. A sniffer is also known as a packet analyzer. Which of the following network devices is used to analyze traffic between various network interfaces? A. Proxies B. Firewalls C. Content inspection D. Sniffers - - correct ans- - Answer: D Explanation: A sniffer (packet sniffer) is a tool that intercepts data flowing in a network. If computers are connected to a local area network that is not filtered or switched, the traffic can be broadcast to all computers contained in the same segment. This doesn't generally occur, since computers are generally told to ignore all the comings and goings of traffic from other computers. However, in the case of a sniffer, all traffic is shared when the sniffer software commands the Network Interface Card (NIC) to stop ignoring the traffic. The NIC is put into promiscuous mode, and it reads communications between computers within a particular segment. This allows the sniffer to seize everything that is flowing in the network, which can lead to the unauthorized access of sensitive data. A packet sniffer can take the form of either a hardware or software solution. A sniffer is also known as a packet analyzer.
Explanation: WEP's major weakness is its use of static encryption keys. When you set up a router with a WEP encryption key, that one key is used by every device on your network to encrypt every packet that's transmitted. But the fact that packets are encrypted doesn't prevent them from being intercepted, and due to some esoteric technical flaws it's entirely possible for an eavesdropper to intercept enough WEP-encrypted packets to eventually deduce what the key is. This problem used to be something you could mitigate by periodically changing the WEP key (which is why routers generally allow you to store up to four keys). But few bother to do this because changing WEP keys is inconvenient and time-consuming because it has to be done not just on the router, but on every device that connects to it. As a result, most people just set up a single key and then continue using it ad infinitum. Even worse, for those that do change the WEP key, new research and developments reinforce how even changing WEP keys frequently is no longer sufficient to protect a WLAN. The processof 'cracking' a WEP key used to require that a malicious hacker intercept millions of packets plus spend a fair amount of time and computing power. Researchers in the computer science department of a German university recently demonstrated the capability to compromise a WEPprotected network very quickly. After spending less than a minute intercepting data (fewer than 100,000 packets in all) they were able to compromise a WEP key in just three seconds. Which of the following protocols is vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks by NOT using end to end TLS encryption? A. HTTPS B. WEP C. WPA D. WPA 2 - - correct ans- - Answer: B Explanation: WEP offers no end-to-end TLS encryption.The WEP process consists of a series of steps as follows: The wireless client sends an authentication request.
The Access Point (AP) sends an authentication response containing clear-text (uh-oh!) challenge text. The client takes the challenge text received and encrypts it using a static WEP key. The client sends the encryptedauthenticationpacket to the AP. The APencryptsthe challenge text using its own static WEP key and compares the result to the authentication packet sent by the client. If the results match, the AP begins the association process for the wireless client. The big issue with WEP is the fact that it is very susceptible to a Man inthe Middle attack. The attacker capturesthe clear-text challenge and then the authentication packet reply. The attacker then reverses the RC4 encryption in order to derive the static WEP key. Yikes! As you might guess, the designers attempted to strengthen WEP using the approach of key lengths. The native Windows client supported a 104-bit key as opposed to the initial 40-bit key. The fundamental weaknesses in the WEP process still remained however. Which of the following wireless protocols could be vulnerable to a brute-force password attack? (Select TWO). A. WPA2-PSK B. WPA - EAP - TLS C. WPA2-CCMP D. WPA - CCMP E. WPA - LEAP F. WEP - - correct ans- - Answer: A,F Explanation: A brute force attack is an attack that attempts to guess a password. WPA2-PSK and WEP both use a "Pre-Shared Key". The pre-shared key is a password and therefore is susceptible to a brute force attack.
Explanation: Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a type of computer security vulnerability typically found in Web applications. XSS enables attackers to inject client-side script into Web pages viewed by other users. Cross-site scripting uses known vulnerabilities in web-based applications, their servers, or plug-in systems on which they rely. Exploiting one of these, attackers fold malicious content into the content being delivered from the compromised site. When the resulting combined content arrives at the client-side web browser, it has all been delivered from the trusted source, and thus operates under the permissions granted to that system. By finding ways of injecting malicious scripts into web pages, an attacker can gain elevated access- privileges to sensitive page content, session cookies, and a variety of other information maintained by the browser on behalf of the user. By validating user input and preventing special characters, we can prevent the injection of clientside scripting code Pete, the security administrator, has been notified by the IDS that the company website is under attack. Analysis of the web logs show the following string, indicating a user is trying to post a comment on the public bulletin board. INSERT INTO message ` This is an example of which of the following? A. XSS attack B. XML injection attack C. Buffer overflow attack D. SQL injection attack - - correct ans- - Answer: A Explanation: The tags indicate that script is being inserted.
Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a type of computer security vulnerability typically found in Web applications. XSS enables attackers to inject client-side script into Web pages viewed by other users. Cross-site scripting uses known vulnerabilities in web-based applications, their servers, or plug-in systems on which they rely. Exploiting one of these, attackers fold malicious content into the content being delivered from the compromised site. When the resulting combined content arrives at the client-side web browser, it has all been delivered from the trusted source, and thus operates under the permissions granted to that system. By finding ways of injecting malicious scripts into web pages, an attacker can gain elevated access- privileges to sensitive page content, session cookies, and a variety of other information maintained by the browser on behalf of the user
