A Historical Overview of Wireless Communication Technologies from 0G to 5G, Thesis of Chemistry

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Generations of wireless communication

(0G- 5G)

Name: Abdullah Akbar

Id: 15451

Submission date: Sept, 30 2015.

Submitted to: Mr. Usman Hashmi.

Introduction:

Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of enhanced electrical conductors or "wires”. The distances involved may be short (a few meters as in television remote control) or long (thousands or millions of kilometers for radio communications). When the context is clear, the term is often shortened to "wireless". It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable two-way radios, cellular telephones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking

Zero generation technology: 0G refers to pre-cellular mobile telephony technology in 1970s. These mobile telephones were usually mounted in cars or trucks, though briefcase models were also made. Mobile radio telephone systems preceded modern cellular mobile telephony technology. Since they were the predecessors of the first generation of cellular telephones, these systems are sometimes referred to as 0G (zero generation) systems. Technologies used in 0G systems included PTT (Push to Talk), MTS (Mobile Telephone System), IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone Service), AMTS (Advanced Mobile Telephone System), OLT (Norwegian for Offending Land mobile Telephonic, Public Land Mobile Telephony) and MTD .0.5G is a group of technologies with improved feature than the basic 0G technologies These early mobile telephone systems can be distinguished from earlier closed radiotelephone systems in that they were available as a commercial service that was part of the public switched telephone network, with their own telephone numbers, rather than part of a closed network such as a police radio or taxi dispatch system.

First generation technology: I n 1980 the mobile cellular era had started, and since then mobile communications have undergone significant changes and experienced enormous growth. First-generation mobile systems used analog transmission for speech services. In 1979, the first cellular system in the world became operational by Nippon Telephone and Telegraph (NTT) in Tokyo, Japan. Two years later, the cellular epoch reached Europe. The two most popular analogue systems were Nordic Mobile Telephones (NMT) and Total Access Communication Systems (TACS). Other than NMT and TACS, some other analog systems were also introduced in 1980s across the Europe. All of these systems offered handover and roaming capabilities but the cellular networks were unable to interoperate between countries. This was one of the inevitable disadvantages of first-generation mobile networks.In the United States, the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was launched in 1982. The system was allocated a 40-MHz bandwidth within the 800 to 900 MHz frequency range by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for AMPS. In 1988, an additional 10 MHz bandwidth, called Expanded Spectrum (ES) was allocated to AMPS.

Third Generation technology 3G refers to the third generation of mobile telephony (that is, cellular) technology. The third generation, as the name suggests, follows two earlier generations. The first generation (1G) beginning the early 80's with commercial deployment of Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) cellular networks. Early AMPS networks used Frequency Division Multiplexing Access (FDMA) to carry analog voice over channels in the 800 MHz frequency band.3G technologies enable network operators to offer users a wider range of more advanced services while achieving greater network capacity through improved spectral efficiency. Services include wide area wireless voice telephony, video calls, and broadband wireless data, all in a mobile environment. Additional features also include HSPA data transmission capabilities able to deliver speeds up to 14.4Mbit/s on the downlink and 5.8Mbit/s on the uplink. Spectral efficiency or spectrum efficiency refers to the amount of information that can be transmitted over a given bandwidth in a specific digital communication system. High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is a collection of mobile telephony protocols that extend and improve the performance of existing UMTS protocols.3G technologies make use of TDMA and CDMA. 3G (Third Generation Technology) technologies make use of value added services like mobile television, GPS (global positioning system) and videoconferencing. The basic feature of 3G Technology is fast data transfer rates. 3G technology is much flexible, because it is able to support the 5 major radio technologies. These radio technologies operate under CDMA, TDMA and FDMA.

3.5G – HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access(HSDPA) is a mobile telephony protocol, also called 3.5G (or"3½G"), which provides a smooth evolutionary path for UMTS-based 3G networks allowing for higher data transfer speeds. HSDPA is a packet-based data service in W- CDMA downlink with data transmission up to 8-10 M bit/s (and 20 M bit/s for MIMO systems) over a 5MHz bandwidth in WCDMA downlink. HSDPA implementations includes Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC),Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO), Hybrid Automatic Request (HARQ), fast cell search, and advanced receiver design. 3.75G – HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access) The 3.75G refer to the technologies beyond the well defined 3G wireless/mobile technologies. High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) is a UMTS / WCDMA uplink evolution technology. The HSUPA mobile telecommunications technology is directly related to HSDPA and the two are complimentary to one another. HSUPA will enhance advanced person-to-person data applications with higher and symmetric data rates, like mobile e-mail and real-time person-toper son gaming. Traditional useful applications along with many consumer applications will benefit from enhanced uplink speed. HSUPA will initially boost the UMTS / WCDMA uplink up to 1.4Mbps and in later releases up to5.8Mbps

Fourth generation technology 4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to 3G and 2Gfamilies of standards. The nomenclature of the generations generally refers to a

change in the fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards compatible transmission technology and new frequency bands. The first was the move from 1981 analogue (1G) to digital (2G) transmission in1992. This was followed, in 2002, by 3G multi-media support, spread spectrum transmission and at least 200 k bit/s, soon expected to be followed by 4G, which refers to all-IP packet-switched networks, mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access and multi- carrier transmission. Pre-4Gtechnologies such as mobile WiMAX and first-release 3G Long Term Evolution (LTE) have been available on the market since 2006and 2009 respectively. It is basically the extension in the 3G technology with more bandwidth and services offers in the 3G.The expectation for the 4G technology is basically the high quality audio/video streaming over end to end Internet Protocol. If the Internet Protocol (IP) multimedia sub-system movement achieves what it going to do, nothing of this possibly will matter. WiMAX or mobile structural design will become progressively more translucent, and therefore the acceptance of several architectures by a particular network operator ever more common.

Fifth generation technology:

5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G technology has changed the means to use cell phones within very high bandwidth. User never experienced ever before such a high value technology. Nowadays mobile users have much awareness of the cell phone (mobile) technology. The 5G technologies include all type of advanced features which makes 5G technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future. The gigantic array of innovative technology being built into new cell phones is stunning. 5Gtechnology which is on hand held phone offering more power and features than at least 1000 lunar modules. A user can also hook their 5G technology cell phone with their Laptop to get broadbandinternet access. 5G technology including camera, MP3 recording, video player, large phone memory,dialing speed, audio player and much more you never imagine. For children rocking fun Bluetooth technology and Piconets has become in market.