Country Classification and Fuel Exporting Countries by Region, Study notes of Latin

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United Nations

New York, 2020

World Economic

Situation

Prospects

and

Statistical annex

Country classifications

Data sources, country classifications

and aggregation methodology

The statistical annex contains a set of data that the World Economic Situation and Prospects

(WESP) employs to delineate trends in various dimensions of the world economy.

Data sources

The annex was prepared by the Economic Analysis and Policy Division (EAPD) of the De-

partment of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (UN DESA).

It is based on information obtained from the Statistics Division and the Population Di-

vision of UN DESA, as well as from the five United Nations regional commissions, the

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the International

Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development (OECD), Eurostat and national sources. Estimates for 2019 and forecasts for

2020 and 2021 were made by EAPD in consultation with the regional commissions and

UNCTAD, partly guided by the World Economic Forecasting Model (WEFM) of EAPD.^1

Longer-term projections are based on a technical model-based extension of the WEFM.

Data presented in the WESP may differ from those published by other organizations

for several reasons, including differences in timing, sample composition and aggregation

methods. Historical data may differ from those in previous editions of the WESP because

of updating and changes in the availability of data for individual countries.

Country classifications

For analytical purposes, the WESP classifies all countries of the world into one of three

broad categories: developed economies, economies in transition and developing econo-

mies.^2 The composition of these analytical groupings, specified in tables A, B and C, is

intended to reflect basic economic country conditions, and are not strictly aligned with the

regional classifications defined by the Statistics Division of UN DESA known as M49.^3 Ta-

ble A.XX reports estimates for regional GDP growth according to the M49 definitions for

comparison. Several countries (in particular the economies in transition) have characteris-

tics that could place them in more than one category; however, for purposes of analysis, the

groupings have been made mutually exclusive. Within each broad category, some subgroups

are defined based either on geographical location or on ad hoc criteria, such as the subgroup

of “major developed economies”, which is based on the membership of the Group of Seven.

1 See Altshuler et al. (2016).

2 These analytical groupings are not strictly aligned with geographic groupings of Developed Regions and Developing Regions designated by the Statistics Division of UN DESA.

3 Full details of the M49 standard can be found on the Statistics Division website at https://unstats. un.org/unsd/methodology/m49.

164 World Economic Situation and Prospects 2020

In parts of the analysis, a distinction is made between fuel exporters and fuel import-

ers. An economy is classified as a fuel exporter if the share of fuel exports in its total mer-

chandise exports is greater than 20 per cent and the level of fuel exports is at least 20 per

cent higher than that of the country’s fuel imports (table D). This criterion is drawn from

the share of fuel exports in the total value of world merchandise trade. Fuels include coal,

oil and natural gas.

For other parts of the analysis, countries have been classified by their level of develop-

ment as measured by per capita gross national income (GNI). Accordingly, countries have

been grouped as high-income, upper-middle-income, lower-middle-income and low-in-

come (table E). To maintain compatibility with similar classifications used elsewhere, the

threshold levels of GNI per capita are those established by the World Bank. Countries with

less than $1,025 GNI per capita are classified as low-income countries, those with between

$1,026 and $3,995 as lower-middle-income countries, those with between $3,996 and

$12,375 as upper-middle-income countries, and those with incomes of more than $12,

as high-income countries. GNI per capita in dollar terms is estimated using the World

Bank Atlas method,^4 and the classification in table E is based on data for 2018.

The list of the least developed countries (LDCs) is determined by the United Nations

Economic and Social Council and, ultimately, by the General Assembly, on the basis of

recommendations made by the Committee for Development Policy. The basic criteria for

inclusion require that certain thresholds be met with regard to per capita GNI, a human

assets index and an economic vulnerability index.^5 As of December 2018, there were 47

LDCs (table F).

The WESP also makes reference to the group of heavily indebted poor countries

(HIPCs), which are considered by the World Bank and IMF as part of their debt-relief ini-

tiative (the Enhanced HIPC Initiative).^6 In December 2018, there were 39 HIPCs (table G).

Aggregation methodology

Aggregate data are either sums or weighted averages of individual country data. Unless

otherwise indicated, multi-year averages of growth rates are expressed as compound annual

percentage rates of change. The convention followed is to omit the base year in a multi-year

growth rate. For example, the 10-year average growth rate for the decade of the 2000s

would be identified as the average annual growth rate for the period from 2001 to 2010.

The WESP utilizes market exchange rate conversions of national data in order to

aggregate output of individual countries into regional and global totals. The growth of out-

put in each group of countries is calculated from the sum of gross domestic product (GDP)

of individual countries measured at 2010 prices and exchange rates. This method supplies

a reasonable set of aggregate growth rates for a period of about 15 years, centred on 2010.

The exchange rate-based aggregation method differs from the one mainly applied

by the IMF for their estimates of world and regional economic growth, which is based on

purchasing power parity (PPP) weights. Over the past two decades, the growth of world

4 See http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications. 5 Handbook on the Least Developed Country Category: Inclusion, Graduation and Special Support Measures (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.18.II.A.1). Available from https://www.un.org/ development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/2018CDPhandbook.pdf. 6 International Monetary Fund, Debt Relief Under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) In- itiative. Available from https://www.imf.org/en/About/Factsheets/Sheets/2016/08/01/16/11/Debt- Relief- Under-the-Heavily-Indebted-Poor-Countries-Initiative.

166 World Economic Situation and Prospects 2020

a Economies systematically monitored for the World Economic Situation and Prospects report. These analytical groupings differ from the geographical aggregations defined according to M49. b Throughout the report the term ‘East Asia’ is used in reference to this set of developing countries, and excludes Japan. c Special Administrative Region of China.

Table C

Developing economies by region

a

Africa Asia

Latin America and the Caribbean

North Africa

Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Sudan Tunisia

Central Africa

Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Sao Tome and Prinicipe

East Africa

Burundi Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Rwanda Somalia South Sudan Uganda United Republic of Tanzania

Southern Africa

Angola Botswana Eswatini Lesotho Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia South Africa Zambia Zimbabwe

West Africa

Benin Burkina Faso Cabo Verde Côte d’Ivoire Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo

East Asia b

Brunei Darussalam Cambodia China Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Fiji Hong Kong SAR c Indonesia Kiribati Lao People’s Democratic Republic Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Papua New Guinea Philippines Republic of Korea Samoa Singapore Solomon Islands Taiwan Province of China Thailand Timor-Leste Vanuatu Viet Nam

South Asia

Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Iran (Islamic Republic of) Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka

Western Asia

Bahrain Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia State of Palestine Syrian Arab Republic Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen

Caribbean

Bahamas Barbados Belize Guyana Jamaica Suriname Trinidad and Tobago

Mexico and Central America

Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama

South America

Argentina Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

Country classification 167

Table D

Fuel-exporting countries

Developed countries

Economies in transition

Developing countries

Latin America and the Caribbean Africa East Asia South Asia

Australia Norway

Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Russian Federation Turkmenistan

Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Colombia Ecuador Trinidad and Tobago Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

Algeria Angola Cameroon Chad Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Libya Mozambique Nigeria

Brunei Darussalam Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Indonesia Mongolia Papua New Guinea

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Western Asia

Bahrain Iraq Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Yemen Source: UN DESA, based on data from UNCTAD.

Country classification 169

Table F

Least developed countries (as of December 2018)

Africa East Asia South Asia Western Asia

Latin America and the Caribbean

Angola Benin Burkina Faso Burundi Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Lesotho Liberia Madagascar

Malawi Mali Mauritania Mozambique Niger Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia South Sudan Sudan Togo Uganda United Republic of Tanzania Zambia

Cambodia Kiribati Lao People’s Democratic Republic Myanmar Solomon Islands Timor Leste Tuvalu a Vanuatu

Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Nepal

Yemen Haiti

Source: UN DESA (https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/ldc_list.pdf).

a Economies not systematically monitored for the World Economic Situation and Prospects report.

Table G

Heavily indebted poor countries (as of December 2018)

Post-completion point HIPCsa^ Pre-decision point HIPCsb

Afghanistan Benin Bolivia Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Côte D’Ivoire Democratic Republic of the Congo Ethiopia Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana

Haiti Honduras Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mozambique Nicaragua Niger Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Uganda United Republic of Tanzania Zambia

Eritrea Somalia Sudan

Source: The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (https://www.imf.org/en/About/Factsheets/Sheets/2016/08/01/16/11/Debt-Relief- Under- the-Heavily-Indebted-Poor-Countries-Initiative).

a Countries that have qualified for irrevocable debt relief under the HIPC Initiative. b Countries that are potentially eligible and may wish to avail themselves of the HIPC Initiative or the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI).

170 World Economic Situation and Prospects 2020

Table H

Small island developing States

United Nations members

Non-UN members/Associate members of the Regional Commissionsa

Antigua and Barbuda a Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belize Cabo Verde Comoros Cuba Dominica a Dominican Republic Federated States of Micronesia a Fiji Grenada a Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Jamaica Kiribati Maldives

Marshall Islands a Mauritius Nauru a Palau a Papua New Guinea Saint Kitts and Nevis a Saint Lucia a Saint Vincent and the Grenadines a Samoa Sao Tome and Príncipe Seychelles a Singapore Solomon Islands Suriname Timor-Leste Tonga a Trinidad and Tobago Tuvalu a Vanuatu

American Samoa Anguilla Aruba Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Commonwealth of Northern Marianas Cook Islands Curaçao French Polynesia Guadeloupe Guam Martinique Montserrat New Caledonia Niue Puerto Rico Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands U.S. Virgin Islands

Table I

Landlocked developing countries

Landlocked developing countries

Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bhutan Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Central African Republic Chad Eswatini

Ethiopia Kazakhstan Kyrgystan Lao People’s Democratic Republic Lesotho Malawi Mali Mongolia Nepal Niger

North Macedonia Paraguay Republic of Moldova Rwanda South Sudan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uganda Uzbekistan Zambia Zimbabwe

Source: UN-OHRLLS (http:// unohrlls.org/about-lldcs/ country-profiles/).

Source: UN DESA (https:// sustainabledevelopment. un.org/topics/sids/list). a Economies not systematically monitored for the World Economic Situation and Prospects report.

Annex tables

Developed economies: rates of growth of real GDP

Annual percentage change

Source: UN DESA, based on data of the United Nations Statistics Division and UN DESA forecasts. Note: Regional aggregates calculated at 2010 prices and exchange rates. a Average percentage change. b Partly estimated.

176 World Economic Situation and Prospects 2020

Table A.

Economies in transition: rates of growth of real GDP

Annual percentage change

1997–2011a^2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 b^2020 c^2021 c

Economies in transition 4.5 3.5 2.4 1.0 -1.8 0.8 2.2 2.7 1.9 2.3 2. South-Eastern Europe 4.1 -0.5 2.6 0.2 2.4 3.2 2.5 3.9 3.1 3.4 3. Albania 5.0 1.5 1.0 1.8 2.2 3.3 3.8 4.1 2.6 3.0 3. Bosnia and Herzegovina 6.7 -0.9 2.4 1.2 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 2.5 3.0 3. Montenegro 3.5 -2.7 3.5 1.8 3.4 2.9 4.7 4.5 3.0 3.0 3. North Macedonia 3.0 -0.4 2.9 3.6 3.8 2.9 0.2 2.7 3.4 3.2 3. Serbia 3.3 -0.7 3.0 -1.6 1.8 3.4 2.0 4.5 3.4 3.8 3. Commonwealth of Independent States and Georgiad^ 4.6 3.6 2.4 1.0 -1.9 0.7 2.1 2.7 1.8 2.3 2. Commonwealth of Independent States and Georgia – net fuel exporters 4.6 3.8 2.4 1.3 -1.7 0.4 1.9 2.5 1.5 2.1 2. Azerbaijan 11.9 2.2 5.8 2.8 1.0 -3.1 0.1 1.4 2.3 2.5 2. Kazakhstan 6.9 4.8 6.0 4.2 1.2 1.1 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.5 3. Russian Federation 4.2 3.7 1.8 0.7 -2.3 0.3 1.6 2.3 1.1 1.8 2. Turkmenistan 7.1 11.1 10.2 10.3 6.5 6.2 6.5 6.2 6.2 5.6 5. Commonwealth of Independent States and Georgia – net fuel importers 4.5 2.4 2.3 -0.8 -3.3 2.3 3.6 4.0 3.9 3.7 3. Armenia 7.0 7.2 3.3 3.6 3.2 0.2 7.5 7.5 6.5 5.4 5. Belarus 7.2 1.7 1.0 1.7 -3.8 -2.5 2.5 3.0 1.1 2.0 2. Georgia d^ 5.9 6.4 3.4 4.6 2.9 2.8 4.8 4.7 4.8 4.5 4. Kyrgyzstan 4.5 -0.1 10.9 4.0 3.9 4.3 4.6 3.5 5.8 4.5 4. Republic of Moldova 3.3 -0.6 9.0 5.0 -0.3 4.4 4.7 2.8 5.2 3.9 3. Tajikistan 6.8 7.5 7.4 6.7 6.0 6.9 7.1 7.0 7.0 6.0 5. Ukraine e^ 3.0 0.2 0.0 -6.6 -9.8 2.4 2.5 3.3 3.6 3.0 3. Uzbekistan 6.4 8.2 8.0 8.0 7.9 6.2 5.2 5.1 5.7 5.7 5.

Source: UN DESA, based on data of the United Nations Statistics Division and UN DESA forecasts. Note: Regional aggregates calculated at 2010 prices and exchange rates. a Average percentage change. b Partly estimated. c Baseline scenario forecasts, based in part on UN DESA World Economic Forecasting Model. d Georgia officially left the Commonwealth of Independent States on 18 August 2009. However, its performance is discussed in the context of this group of countries for reasons of geographic proximity and similarities in economic structure. e Starting in 2010, data for Ukraine excludes the temporarily occupied territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol.

Annual percentage change

Democratic People’s Republic of

Developing economies: rates of growth of real GDP (continued)

Annual percentage change

 - Annex tables 

• Table A.
  • Developed economies 2.0 1.1 1.2 1.9 2.3 1.7 2.4 2.2 1.7 1.5 1. 1997–2011a^2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 b^2020 c^2021 c
  • United States 2.4 2.2 1.8 2.5 2.9 1.6 2.4 2.9 2.2 1.7 1.
  • Canada 2.7 1.8 2.3 2.9 0.7 1.1 3.0 1.9 1.5 1.5 1.
  • Japan 0.6 1.5 2.0 0.4 1.2 0.6 1.9 0.8 0.7 0.9 1.
  • Australia 3.3 3.9 2.2 2.6 2.5 2.8 2.5 2.7 1.8 2.1 2.
  • New Zealand 2.8 2.6 2.2 3.1 4.1 4.2 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.9 2.
  • European Union 1.9 -0.4 0.3 1.7 2.3 2.0 2.6 2.0 1.4 1.6 1.
    • EU-15 1.8 -0.5 0.2 1.6 2.2 1.9 2.4 1.8 1.2 1.4 1.
      • Austria 2.1 0.7 0.0 0.7 1.0 2.1 2.5 2.4 1.3 1.5 1.
      • Belgium 2.1 0.2 0.2 1.3 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.6 2.
      • Denmark 1.4 0.2 0.9 1.6 2.3 2.4 2.3 1.5 1.9 2.0 2.
      • Finland 2.7 -1.4 -1.0 -0.4 0.6 2.6 3.1 1.7 1.4 1.6 1.
      • France 1.9 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.1 2.3 1.7 1.3 1.5 1.
      • Germany 1.4 0.4 0.4 2.2 1.7 2.2 2.5 1.5 0.7 1.3 1.
      • Greece 1.5 -7.3 -3.2 0.7 -0.4 -0.2 1.5 1.9 1.7 1.9 2.
      • Ireland 4.6 0.2 1.4 8.6 25.2 3.7 8.1 8.2 4.3 3.1 3.
      • Italy 0.8 -3.0 -1.8 0.0 0.8 1.3 1.7 0.8 0.1 0.6 0.
      • Luxembourg 3.8 -0.4 3.7 4.3 4.3 4.6 1.8 3.1 2.1 2.3 2.
      • Netherlands 2.2 -1.0 -0.1 1.4 2.0 2.2 2.9 2.6 1.6 1.8 1.
      • Portugal 1.5 -4.1 -0.9 0.8 1.8 2.0 3.5 2.4 2.0 2.1 1.
      • Spain 2.6 -3.0 -1.4 1.4 3.8 3.0 2.9 2.4 2.2 1.9 1.
      • Sweden 2.7 -0.6 1.1 2.7 4.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 1.8 1.9 2.
      • United Kingdom 2.1 1.5 2.1 2.6 2.4 1.9 1.9 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.
    • EU-13 3.4 0.7 1.2 3.0 3.9 3.2 4.8 4.3 3.8 3.3 3.
      • Bulgaria 3.3 0.4 0.3 1.9 4.0 3.8 3.5 3.1 3.6 3.0 2.
      • Croatia 2.4 -2.2 -0.6 -0.1 2.5 3.4 3.2 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.
      • Cyprus 3.5 -3.5 -6.5 -1.9 3.4 6.7 4.4 4.0 3.4 2.7 2.
      • Czechia 2.5 -0.8 -0.5 2.7 5.3 2.5 4.4 3.0 2.7 2.5 2.
      • Estonia 4.4 3.1 1.3 3.0 1.8 2.6 5.7 4.8 3.9 3.5 3.
      • Hungary 2.5 -1.5 2.0 4.2 3.8 2.2 4.3 5.1 5.0 3.8 3.
      • Latvia 4.5 4.0 2.4 1.9 3.0 2.1 4.6 4.8 2.6 3.0 3.
      • Lithuania 4.5 3.8 3.6 3.5 2.0 2.6 4.2 3.6 3.8 3.0 2.
      • Malta 2.9 2.8 4.6 8.7 10.8 5.7 6.7 6.8 4.8 5.0 4.
      • Poland 4.3 1.6 1.4 3.3 3.8 3.1 4.9 5.1 4.3 3.6 3.
      • Romania 2.6 2.1 3.5 3.4 3.9 4.8 7.0 4.1 4.1 3.8 3.
      • Slovakia 4.2 1.7 1.5 2.8 4.2 3.1 3.2 4.1 2.5 2.7 2.
      • Slovenia 3.0 -2.6 -1.0 2.8 2.2 3.1 4.8 4.1 2.6 2.7 2.
  • Other Europe 2.0 1.7 1.5 2.2 1.6 1.5 2.1 2.2 1.8 1.9 2.
  • Iceland 3.4 1.3 4.1 2.1 4.7 6.6 4.4 4.8 3.8 2.8 2.
  • Norway 2.0 2.7 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.1 2.3 1.3 1.9 2.1 2.
  • Switzerland 2.1 1.0 1.9 2.4 1.3 1.7 1.8 2.8 1.7 1.8 1.
  • North America 2.5 2.2 1.9 2.6 2.7 1.6 2.4 2.8 2.1 1.7 1. Memorandum items
  • Developed Asia and Pacific 1.0 2.0 2.0 0.8 1.5 1.1 2.1 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.
  • Europe 1.9 -0.3 0.3 1.8 2.3 2.0 2.6 2.0 1.5 1.6 1.
  • Major developed economies 1.8 1.4 1.4 1.9 2.1 1.5 2.3 2.0 1.5 1.4 1.
  • Euro area 1.8 -0.9 -0.3 1.4 2.1 1.9 2.5 1.9 1.2 1.4 1. - Annex tables
• Table A.
  • Developing countriesd 5.3 5.0 4.9 4.5 4.1 4.0 4.5 4.2 3.4 4.0 4. 1997–2011a^2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 b^2020 c^2021 c
    • Africa 4.5 5.7 2.3 3.6 2.7 1.6 2.9 2.7 2.9 3.2 3.
      • North Africa 3.9 8.6 -2.9 0.7 2.6 2.9 4.0 2.6 3.4 3.6 3.
        • Algeria 3.6 3.4 2.8 3.8 3.7 3.2 1.4 2.1 2.0 2.3 2.
        • Egypt e 4.8 2.2 2.2 2.9 4.4 4.3 4.2 5.3 5.5 5.8 5.
        • Libya -2.4 124.7 -52.1 -50.1 -45.5 -16.1 64.0 17.9 5.2 4.5 4.
        • Mauritania 3.8 5.8 6.1 5.6 0.9 1.7 3.5 3.0 4.2 4.6 4.
        • Morocco 4.4 3.0 4.5 2.7 4.5 1.1 4.1 3.0 2.8 3.0 3.
        • Sudan e 6.4 -2.2 2.2 3.2 3.0 3.5 3.2 -2.1 -1.0 -0.1 1.
        • Tunisia 4.2 4.0 2.9 3.0 1.2 1.3 1.8 2.5 1.4 2.0 3.
      • East Africa 4.9 1.5 7.8 7.7 6.3 5.4 5.4 6.3 6.0 6.0 6.
        • Burundi 2.6 4.4 4.9 4.2 -0.4 2.8 0.0 0.1 1.8 1.9 2.
        • Comoros 1.8 6.3 8.9 3.9 2.0 4.1 3.4 2.8 2.5 3.2 3.
        • Democratic Republic of the Congo 2.2 7.1 8.5 9.5 6.9 2.4 3.7 5.8 4.8 5.0 5.
        • Djibouti 3.9 4.8 5.0 8.9 9.7 8.7 4.1 6.7 6.8 6.0 6.
        • Eritrea 1.3 7.0 4.7 2.9 2.6 1.8 5.0 4.2 4.8 5.0 4.
        • Ethiopia 7.4 9.6 10.4 10.3 9.0 8.5 8.1 6.8 7.3 7.5 7.
        • Kenya 3.7 4.6 5.9 5.4 5.7 5.9 4.9 6.3 5.6 5.5 5.
        • Madagascar 3.0 3.0 2.3 3.3 3.1 4.0 3.9 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.
        • Rwanda 8.5 8.6 4.7 7.6 8.9 6.0 6.1 8.6 7.4 7.3 7.
        • Somalia 2.5 2.6 2.6 3.7 2.7 4.9 2.3 3.1 3.5 3.4 3.
        • South Sudan 5.6 -49.8 29.9 21.7 3.4 0.3 -0.7 -1.2 7.8 8.1 7.
        • Uganda 7.3 3.2 4.7 4.5 5.7 2.6 5.0 8.9 6.2 6.0 6.
        • United Republic of Tanzania 6.0 5.1 6.8 6.7 6.2 6.9 6.8 7.0 5.8 5.5 6.
      • Central Africa 4.9 6.7 0.9 4.7 -0.8 -0.1 0.3 1.6 2.7 2.9 3.
        • Cameroon 4.1 4.5 5.4 5.9 5.7 4.6 3.5 4.1 4.0 4.2 4.
        • Central African Republic 2.5 5.1 -36.4 0.1 4.3 4.8 4.5 3.8 4.6 4.8 4.
        • Chad 7.1 8.2 3.2 2.6 3.9 -2.6 -1.9 3.1 3.8 5.5 4.
        • Congo 4.4 9.6 -2.5 9.7 -13.2 -2.8 -3.1 0.8 3.5 2.3 1.
        • Equatorial Guinea 19.2 8.3 -4.1 0.4 -9.1 -8.6 -3.2 -4.7 -2.5 -2.9 -2.
        • Gabon 0.9 5.3 5.6 4.3 3.9 2.1 0.5 1.2 2.5 2.8 3.
        • Sao Tome and Principe 4.2 3.1 4.8 6.5 3.9 4.2 3.9 3.0 3.0 3.5 4.
      • West Africa 6.0 5.4 5.8 5.9 3.2 0.5 2.7 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.
        • Benin 4.2 4.6 6.9 6.5 6.5 5.0 5.8 6.5 6.8 6.5 6.
        • Burkina Faso 5.8 6.5 5.8 4.3 3.9 5.9 6.3 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.
        • Cabo Verde 6.1 1.1 0.8 0.6 1.0 4.7 4.0 4.7 4.8 4.6 4.
        • Côte D’Ivoire 1.1 10.1 9.3 8.8 8.8 8.0 7.7 7.4 7.4 7.1 6.
        • Gambia 3.2 5.2 2.9 -1.4 4.1 1.9 4.8 6.5 5.7 5.5 4.
        • Ghana 5.9 9.3 7.3 2.9 2.2 3.4 8.1 6.3 7.0 6.0 5.
        • Guinea 3.5 5.9 3.9 3.7 3.8 10.5 8.2 5.8 6.1 6.0 6.
        • Guinea-Bissau 2.1 -1.7 3.3 1.0 6.1 6.3 5.9 3.8 4.9 4.6 5.
        • Liberia 14.0 11.3 4.6 5.2 9.3 -0.5 2.4 1.2 0.4 1.6 1.
        • Mali 8.6 11.2 7.0 7.8 7.6 8.8 6.9 6.7 5.2 5.3 5.
        • Niger 4.1 11.8 5.3 7.5 4.3 4.9 4.9 5.2 6.1 5.9 5.
• 178 World Economic Situation and Prospects - Nigeria 6.8 4.3 5.4 6.3 2.7 -1.6 0.8 1.9 2.1 2.3 2. 1997–2011a^2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 b^2020 c^2021 c - Senegal 4.1 4.0 3.9 4.1 6.4 6.2 6.7 6.2 6.7 6.9 7. - Sierra Leone 4.5 15.2 20.7 4.6 -20.5 6.3 3.8 4.6 5.0 5.1 5. - Togo 2.1 6.5 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.6 4.4 4.7 5.1 5.3 5. - Southern Africa 3.9 3.9 3.4 2.8 1.4 0.4 1.1 0.9 0.3 0.9 1. - Angola 7.2 8.5 5.0 4.8 0.9 -2.6 -2.5 -1.7 -1.5 -1.0 1. - Botswana 4.5 4.5 11.3 4.1 -1.7 4.3 2.9 4.5 4.0 3.2 4. - Eswatini 3.0 4.7 6.4 1.9 0.4 1.4 2.0 0.2 0.6 1.2 1. - Lesotho 3.7 6.0 1.8 3.1 1.6 3.6 0.1 1.5 2.0 0.5 1. - Malawi 4.0 -0.6 6.3 6.2 3.3 2.7 5.2 4.0 4.2 5.0 4. - Mauritius 4.5 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.5 4.0 3. - Mozambique 8.0 7.2 7.1 7.4 6.6 3.8 3.7 3.3 1.5 5.5 6. - Namibia 4.4 5.1 5.6 6.4 6.1 1.1 -0.9 -0.1 -1.0 1.2 2. - South Africa 3.2 2.2 2.5 1.8 1.2 0.4 1.4 0.8 0.5 0.9 1. - Zambia 6.1 7.6 5.1 4.7 2.9 3.8 3.5 3.5 1.5 2.3 3. - Zimbabwe 2.1 16.7 2.0 2.4 1.8 0.8 4.7 4.8 -5.5 -2.5 3. - Africa - net fuel exporters 5.1 9.8 -0.4 3.2 1.4 -0.6 1.1 1.8 1.8 2.1 2. - Africa - net fuel importers 4.2 3.1 4.1 3.8 3.5 3.0 3.9 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.
  • East and South Asia 6.8 5.9 6.1 6.2 5.8 6.1 6.1 5.7 4.8 5.2 5.
    • East Asia 7.2 6.5 6.4 6.1 5.7 5.7 5.9 5.7 5.2 5.2 5.
      • Brunei Darussalam 1.4 0.9 -2.1 -2.5 -0.4 -2.5 1.3 0.1 1.1 1.5 2.
      • Cambodia 7.9 7.3 7.5 7.1 7.0 6.9 7.0 7.7 7.1 6.9 6.
      • China 9.9 7.9 7.8 7.3 6.9 6.7 6.8 6.6 6.1 6.0 5.
        • 0.8 1.3 1.1 1.0 -1.1 3.9 -3.5 -4.2 1.8 2.2 2. Korea
      • Fiji 1.6 1.4 4.7 5.6 4.7 2.6 5.2 3.2 3.5 3.4 3.
      • Hong Kong SAR f 3.6 1.7 3.1 2.8 2.4 2.2 3.8 3.0 -1.0 1.6 2.
      • Indonesia 3.6 6.0 5.6 5.0 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.0 5.1 5.
      • Kiribati 1.5 4.8 4.1 -0.5 10.3 1.3 3.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.
      • Lao People's Democratic Republic 7.0 7.9 8.0 7.6 7.3 7.0 6.9 6.3 6.2 6.4 6.
      • Malaysia 4.4 5.5 4.7 6.0 5.1 4.4 5.7 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.
      • Mongolia 6.2 12.5 11.6 8.1 2.5 1.4 5.4 6.6 7.0 6.3 6.
      • Myanmar e 10.7 7.3 8.4 8.0 7.0 5.9 6.8 6.8 6.7 6.8 7.
      • Papua New Guinea 2.6 4.7 3.8 12.1 6.9 -0.7 -1.5 0.0 3.6 3.4 4.
      • Philippines 4.2 6.7 7.1 6.1 6.1 6.9 6.7 6.2 5.9 6.2 6.
      • Republic of Korea 4.5 2.4 3.2 3.2 2.8 2.9 3.2 2.7 2.0 2.3 2.
      • Samoa 3.0 -4.0 0.8 2.6 6.7 3.7 -0.6 0.7 3.0 5.0 5.
      • Singapore 5.7 4.4 4.8 3.9 2.9 3.0 3.7 3.1 0.4 1.2 1.
      • Solomon Islands 2.6 2.6 3.0 2.3 2.5 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.0 2.4 2.
      • Taiwan Province of China 4.6 2.1 2.2 4.0 0.8 1.5 3.1 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.
      • Thailand 3.0 7.2 2.7 1.0 3.1 3.4 4.0 4.1 3.0 3.1 3.
      • Timor-Leste 7.2 5.0 -11.0 -26.0 20.9 0.8 -8.0 0.8 4.5 4.8 5.
      • Vanuatu 3.0 1.8 2.0 2.3 0.2 3.5 3.5 3.2 3.6 3.4 3.
      • Viet Nam 6.6 5.2 5.4 6.0 6.7 6.2 6.8 7.1 6.9 6.6 6.
• Table A. - Annex tables
• Table A. - South Asia 5.6 3.5 4.6 6.3 6.2 8.0 6.8 5.6 3.3 5.1 5. 1997–2011a^2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 b^2020 c^2021 c - Afghanistan e 6.7 10.9 6.5 3.1 1.0 2.2 2.7 2.7 3.0 2.7 4. - Bangladesh e 5.7 6.5 6.0 6.1 6.6 7.1 7.3 7.9 8.1 7.8 7. - Bhutan 8.2 5.1 2.1 6.6 6.6 8.0 4.6 5.3 6.0 6.4 6. - India e 6.4 5.5 6.4 7.4 8.0 8.2 7.2 6.8 5.7 6.6 6. - Iran (Islamic Republic of) e 3.9 -7.4 -0.2 4.6 -1.3 13.4 3.8 -2.0 -7.1 -2.7 -1. - Maldives 5.5 2.5 7.3 7.3 2.9 7.3 6.9 7.3 6.4 7.1 5. - Nepal e 4.1 4.8 4.1 6.0 3.3 0.6 8.2 6.7 7.1 6.3 5. - Pakistan e 3.7 4.4 4.7 4.7 5.5 5.6 5.8 3.3 3.3 2.1 3. - Sri Lanka 5.4 9.1 3.4 5.0 5.0 4.5 3.4 3.2 2.6 3.4 4. - net fuel exporters 3.7 1.9 2.9 4.5 3.2 6.4 5.1 3.3 0.9 2.7 3. East and South Asia – - net fuel importers 7.3 6.4 6.4 6.3 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.0 5.2 5.4 5. East and South Asia –
  • Western Asia 4.4 4.4 4.9 3.5 4.1 3.3 2.6 2.3 1.0 2.4 2.
    • Western Asia – net fuel exporters 4.6 6.1 3.9 2.9 3.5 3.3 -0.7 1.6 0.9 2.2 2.
      • Bahrain 5.0 3.7 5.4 4.4 2.9 3.6 4.2 2.2 1.8 2.3 2.
      • Iraq 7.3 13.9 7.6 0.2 4.7 13.8 -3.8 -1.0 3.2 4.8 5.
      • Kuwait 4.3 6.6 1.1 0.5 0.6 2.9 -3.5 1.2 0.7 2.3 2.
      • Oman 3.1 9.0 5.1 1.5 4.6 5.1 0.3 1.8 0.9 1.7 2.
      • Qatar 13.0 4.7 4.4 4.0 3.7 2.1 1.6 1.4 0.1 3.1 4.
      • Saudi Arabia 3.3 5.4 2.7 3.7 4.1 1.7 -0.8 2.2 0.3 1.3 1.
      • United Arab Emirates 4.8 4.5 5.1 4.3 5.1 3.1 0.5 1.7 1.1 2.4 2.
      • Yemen 3.4 2.2 3.6 -10.6 -30.3 -14.8 -5.9 -2.7 1.2 3.6 4.
    • Western Asia – net fuel importers 4.2 2.6 6.0 4.3 4.8 3.1 6.3 3.0 1.1 2.5 2.
      • Israel 3.8 2.1 4.2 4.0 2.2 4.0 3.6 3.5 3.1 3.1 3.
      • Jordan 5.3 2.1 2.4 3.4 2.6 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.9 2.2 2.
      • Lebanon 4.0 2.7 2.6 1.9 0.4 1.6 0.6 0.3 -0.5 0.3 1.
      • State of Palestine 4.9 6.3 2.2 -0.2 3.4 4.7 3.1 0.9 1.4 2.6 2.
      • Syrian Arab Republic 4.2 -26.3 -26.3 -14.7 -6.1 -4.0 1.9 11.5 10.1 3.7 3.
      • Turkey 4.3 4.8 8.5 5.2 6.1 3.2 7.5 2.8 0.4 2.4 2.
  • Latin America and the Caribbeang 3.2 2.8 2.9 1.2 -0.2 -1.1 1.2 0.9 0.1 1.3 2.
    • South America 3.3 2.4 3.3 0.5 -1.6 -2.6 0.7 0.4 -0.1 1.1 2.
      • Argentina 3.2 -1.0 2.4 -2.5 2.7 -2.1 2.7 -2.5 -3.0 -1.3 0.
      • Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 3.8 5.1 6.8 5.5 4.9 4.3 4.2 4.2 3.0 3.0 3.
      • Brazil 3.2 1.9 3.0 0.5 -3.5 -3.3 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.7 2.
      • Chile 4.1 5.3 4.0 1.8 2.3 1.7 1.3 4.0 0.8 1.0 1.
      • Colombia 3.3 3.9 4.6 4.7 3.0 2.1 1.4 2.6 3.2 3.5 3.
      • Ecuador 3.5 5.6 4.9 3.8 0.1 -1.2 2.4 1.4 -0.2 0.1 0.
      • Paraguay 3.8 -0.5 8.4 4.9 3.1 4.3 5.0 3.7 0.2 3.0 3.
      • Peru 4.8 6.1 5.9 2.4 3.3 4.0 2.5 4.0 2.3 3.2 3.
      • Uruguay 2.7 3.5 4.6 3.2 0.4 1.7 2.6 1.6 0.3 1.5 1.
      • Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 2.6 5.6 1.3 -3.9 -6.2 -17.0 -15.7 -19.6 -25.5 -14.0 -7.