yeast and sugars exp, Assignments of Introduction to biology

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2025/2026

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Assessment Task 3: Chemistry Pamphlet Critique
Structure and Bonding Section:
1. Describe the errors within this section.
2. Show how you would correct these errors.
You may like to draw your own structures. In this case, please take and picture of your
structure and then insert this in this section.
The Lewis structure in Figure 2 does not show the carbon and hydrogen atom
symbols and lacks the illustration of the lone pairs.
Lewis Structure
In Figure 7, the corrections of Figure 2 are illustrated. Each of the atom symbols
constructing Carbaryl are shown, and each atom has a full octet, except for the
hydrogen atoms containing a duet. The lone pairs on the 2 oxygens and 1 nitrogen
are displayed.
Figure 7
Note:
Lewis structure of Carbaryl.
Molecular Geometry
Correct molecular geometry of Carbaryl with each central atoms geometric shape
labelled in the key illustrated in Figure 8.
Figure 8
Note:
Molecular geometry of Carbaryl. Additional Key: E=lone electron pair.
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Assessment Task 3: Chemistry Pamphlet Critique Structure and Bonding Section:

  1. Describe the errors within this section.
  2. Show how you would correct these errors. You may like to draw your own structures. In this case, please take and picture of your structure and then insert this in this section. The Lewis structure in Figure 2 does not show the carbon and hydrogen atom symbols and lacks the illustration of the lone pairs. Lewis Structure In Figure 7, the corrections of Figure 2 are illustrated. Each of the atom symbols constructing Carbaryl are shown, and each atom has a full octet, except for the hydrogen atoms containing a duet. The lone pairs on the 2 oxygens and 1 nitrogen are displayed. Figure 7

Note: Lewis structure of Carbaryl.

Molecular Geometry Correct molecular geometry of Carbaryl with each central atoms geometric shape labelled in the key illustrated in Figure 8. Figure 8

Note: Molecular geometry of Carbaryl. Additional Key: E=lone electron pair.

Solubility Section:

  1. Describe the errors within this section.
  2. Rewrite this section, correcting for the errors found. This section should be referenced using APA 7th^ style for citations and the reference list. Importance Section:
  3. Describe the errors within this section The pamphlet states that the solubility of carbaryl in water is 110mg/L at 22C, this is incorrect. Carbaryl’s solubility in water is 120 mg/L (20°C) (Australian Pesticides & Veterinary Medicines Authority. (2007, January)). The pamphlet also had errors in defining which sections of the compound were polar and non-polar stating that the carbon-hydrogen section is polar, and the oxygen nitrogen section is nonpolar. Carbaryl is a carbamate insecticide (University of Hertfordshire, 2026 March), these generally have a low solubility in water, Carbaryl dissolving at 120 mg/L (20°C) (Australian Pesticides & Veterinary Medicines Authority, 2007). This is because water is highly polar with strong hydrogen bonds, and carbaryl has both polar and non-polar sections leading to weaker dispersion forces within the compound. Because unlike substances do not dissolve, carbaryl has low solubility in water. It is more soluble in polar organic solvents that have similar structures consisting of polar and non-polar parts, ‘like dissolves like’, such as dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide 400–450 g/kg; acetone 200–300 g/kg; cyclohexanone 200– g/kg; isopropanol and xylene 100 g/kg (all at 25°C) (Australian Pesticides & Veterinary Medicines Authority, 2007). The carbon-hydrogen section is considered non-polar because of its symmetrically bonded atoms with regular electronegativity between the different atoms, the oxygen-nitrogen section has asymmetrical bonds with different electronegativities

across the section making it polar. References

Australian Pesticides & Veterinary Medicines Authority. (2007, January). The

reconsideration of registrations of products containing carbaryl and their

approved associated labels (4).

https://www.apvma.gov.au/sites/default/files/carbaryl-phase-6- review_finding_pt1vol1_0.pdf

University of Hertfordshire. (2026, March). Carbaryl (Ref: UC 7744). Pesticide

Properties Database (PPDB). https://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/115.htm#:~:text=Carbaryl %20is%20produced%20through%20a,methyl%20isocyanate%20and %201%2Dnaphthol