Lesson&1:&text&linguistics
Text%as%the%verbal%component%produced%by%a%writer%and%is%processed%by%a%recipient
Textus%(lat.):%texture%- text
Definitions%of%text
Halliday%and%Hasan: cohesive%relations%make%a%text
A.
Cohesion:%grammatical%ties%that%link%words%-->%we%perceive%it%as%a%text
Grammatical
Reference:%how%words%are%related%w%other%words%(both%inside%and%outside%of%the%text)
Elements%that%refer%to%smt%else%for%their%interpretation
Deixis:%term%used%for%words%whose%meaning%arises%by%referring%to%some%aspect%of%the%
context%in%which%they%are%spoken%-->%speaker:%deictic%centre%(unmarked%situation:%me,%here,%
now)
Person%deixis%-->%I%- we%- now%(ambiguity)
◊
Time%deixis%-->%now%- then%(proximal%=close'to'the'deictic'centre - distal%=further'away )
◊
Place%deixis%-->%here%- there%(proximal%- distal)
◊
Ø
Endophoric&reference:%words%that%refer%to%other%words%occurring%within%the%text
Anaphoric%reference%-->%more%frequent
◊
Cataphoric%reference%(=referring)forward)to)smt)that)will)follow)in)the)text))-->)less)frequent
◊
Ø
Exophoric&reference:%words%that%can%only%be%explained%w%ref%to%the%external%social%and%
political%circumstances%of%the%text
Ø
§
Substitution:&replacement%of%a%word%or%clause
§
Ellipses:&substitution%by%zero
§
Conjunction
§
○
Lexical&
Collocation:&frequency%w%which%words%are%found%together%or%co-occur
Defined%by%usage%(not%by%grammatical,%semantic%or%syntactic%use)
§
Repetition:&
simple%
□
complex%
□
§
○
-
De%Beaugrande%and%Dressler: text%=%communicative%event%that%must%satisfy%7%criteria
B.
Text%internal%criteria
Cohesion
1.
Coherence:%deals%w%mental%processes%activated%in%both%the%producer%and%the%recipient%when%the%
communicative%event%takes%place
2.
Text%external%criteria
Intentionality:%use%of%1.%and%2.%to%achieve%a%goal%through%words
3.
Acceptability:%
4.
Informativity:%quality%and%quantity%-->%more%or%less%information
5.
Situationality:%context%in%which%the%text%occurs%-->%recipient's%prior%knowledge/background%info
6.
Intertextuality:%Mikhail%Bakhtin's%assertion%(1986)%that%every%text%is%dialogic%(=interpretable)in)relation)to)other)texts)
Relation%to%preceding%or%simultaneous%or%even%future%texts
i.
Relation%to%other%texts%(e.g.%Text%types%or%genres)
ii.
-->%Parodies
7.
Lesson&2:&from&Text&to&Discourse
DB%and%D%def%of%text%-->%distinction%between%text%and%discourse
Pure%text%linguists%(TL)%give%more%emphasis%to%the%text%internal%criteria
Discourse%analysts%(DA)%give%more%emphasis%to%the%external%criteria
DB%and%D%recognise%the%importance%of%the%context%but%focus%mainly%on%the%text%itself%(as%they're%TLs)
Whereas%DAs%consider%text%and%context%as%equally%important
Text%=%linguistic%content%but%not%the%inferences%available%to%the%recipient
Discourse%=%text%+%social,%cultural,%and%personal%context%of%the%recipient
TL%-->%formal%approach%:%language%is%a%mental phenomenon;%study%on%the%base%of%the%formal%component
DA%-->%functional%approach%:%language%is%a%social phenomenon
TL%is%one%approach%among%others%belonging%to%DA
Discourse:
Anything%beyond%the%sentence%-->%criticized:%units%used%by%ppl%in%their%speech%cannot%always%be%categorised%as%
sentences
-
Language%use%-->%language%and%society%are%part%of%each%other%and%cannot%be%seen%as%independent:%importance%given%
to%the%purposes%and%functions%of%language
-
Broader%range%of%social%practice%that%includes%non-linguistic%and%non-specific%instances%of%language%-->%we%study%not%
only%the%propositional%content,%but%also%the%social,%cultural%and%contextual%contents
-
NORMAN&FAIRCLOUGH'S&MODEL&OF&A&COMMUNICATIVE&EVENT&(1992)
Text:%analysis%of%TL%and%looks%for%patterns%(syntax,%lexis)
Ø
Discourse&practice:%patterns%associated%w%a%given%topic%or%activity;%processes%of%text%production/consumption
Ø
Social&practice:%patterns%in%both%the%immediate%situational%context%as%well%as%the%society%and%culture%in%which%the%
text%is%produced
Ø
Discourse%is%multimodal:%we%have%to%consider%not%only%the%linguistic%content%but%also%sign%language,%dramatization,%
speaker's%disposition,%the%way%they%stand,%talk,%walk,%laugh...%
DA%as%a%multidisciplinary%approach.%It%involves:
Poetics
-
Linguistics
-
Semiotics
-
Psychology
-
Sociology
-
Anthropology
-
History
-
Communication%research
-
Introduction%to%LSPs/ESP
General&English =%Essential%English:%basic%elements%of%the%language,%common%core%of%the%English%language
-->%nobody%needs%it,%everybody%has%their%own%specific%needs
LSP:%Languages%for%Specific%Purposes%=%languages%in%use%within%more%restricted%social%and%professional%areas
4%characteristics
Meeting%specific%needs
1.
Related%in%content%to%particular%disciplines
2.
Centred%on%appropriate%language
3.
In%contrast%to%the%general%language
4.
E.g. Topic%of%"negotiation"%-->%domain:%business
ESP:%English%for%Specific%Purposes
=>%transition%for%an%uncontextualized%view%of%language%to%a%SITUATIONAL,%CONTEXTUALISED%one
EAP:%English%for%Academic%Purposes%=%teaching%English%w%the%aim%of%assisting%learners'%study%or%research%in%the%language
Characteristics%of%LSPs
Contextual-functional%varieties%of%the%language%used%in%specific%domains%of%civil,%professional%and%institutional%life
-->%defined%w%reference%to%the%professional,%disciplinary%or%technical%field%to%which%they%pertain
-
No%special%grammatical%or%phonological%rules
-->%tendency%to%give%preference%to%certain%morpho-syntactic%forms
-->%specialized%lexicon%/%specific%vocabulary
-
Levels%of%variation%in%LSP
Lexicon
1.
Syntax
2.
Textual%and%rhetorical%organization
3.
Within%each%LSP.%Variation%in%terms%of:
Technicality (participation%framework)
Scientific%journalism
○
Scientific%instruction%(=teachers)- learners)
○
Scientific%exposition%(=language)of)scientists)
○
-
Degree&of&formality (register)
-
E.g.%Explaining%String%Theory
Scientific%journalism:%simple%language,%e.g.%cat%explaining%String%Theory%-->%makes%it%less%scary%and%more%engaging
▪
Scientific%instruction:%e.g. Lectures(on(String(Theory,%1989%(handbook)%by%Dieter%Luest%and%Stefan%Theisen
▪
Scientific%exposition:%written%by%a%scholar%to%his%peers
▪
Lezioni'1-2-3.1:'An'introduction'to'Discourse'Analysis
lunedì'8'agosto'2022
11:49
