FREUD AND PSYCHOANALYSIS
CLOZE TEST
An important aspect of psychological development is the establishment of an idea of one's self. This
perception is ___closely linked___________the development of sexual identity. As a child grows up, it
learns _____how to_________ identify similarities and differences with others early on. _Let’s
consider_____________the category of 'sexual gender' and its discovery by children. __Around the Age
of____________ten months, children understand that there are male and female individuals. Around the
age of one year, they ___begin to___________pay attention to their peers.
___However___________it is not yet clear __wether____________there is a structural differentiation
between males and females with respect to cognitive strategies. Differences are ____marked
in__________the 'choice of games', a choice that is very often something that is taught and not natural.
Males, for example, are more ___prome to___________movement and construction games or prefer
games that ______fit________male stereotypes. Females are usually ___predisposed to___________more
meditative games or games with dolls and toy kitchens.
____at the same time__________a precise relational style is ____Noted in__________boys and girls: girls
are usually more collaborative, while boys form bonds ____according to__________hierarchical and
dominant aspects. ___Althought___________ a striking change (cambiamento eclatante) has been noticed
______in the last few _decades_____________________, a real reversal: girls tend to want to excel among
others and try ____to assert__________themselves, while boys _____Tend to team
up_________________ ____________________ and collaborate ____A lot__________.
Two major theories have been ____concerned (si sono occupate di) with__________analyzing identity
development and, in particular, have linked (hanno collegato) this development to sexuality:
psychoanalysis and social learning theory. (Teoria dell’apprendimento sociale)
Psychoanalysis can be defined as the 'energy model of motivation' because it postulates that at the basis of
all behavior there is ____the need to__________discharge energy that, otherwise, becomes obscure and
unsustainable. The term was ___coined in_____the 20th century from the fusion of 'psyche' and 'analysis'.
The former (il precedente -> psyche) is a Greek term that actually means 'soul' but ___Overtime_(nel
tempo)_____became synonymous with 'spirit' and later 'mind'. ____On the other hand______, the term
'analysis' is formed from the Greek preposition 'ana-' meaning 'equal' and '-lysis' meaning to dissolve.
Sigismund Schlomo Freud, known as Sigmund Freud, (Freiberg, 6 May 1856 - London, 23 September 1939)
was an Austrian neurologist, (nIUrologist) psychoanalyst and philosopher, ____founder of_____
psychoanalysis. He is _among the_____most influential intellectuals of the 20th century and is ___known
for____having developed a scientific-philosophical theory, according to which unconscious psychic
processes exert (esercitano) decisive influences on thought, human behavior and interactions between
individuals. He ____attempted to__________establish correlations between the unconscious and the
physical structures of the human mind and body. His theories have also found partial confirmation in
modern neurology and psychiatry.
In psychoanalysis, the infantile sex impulse __underlines____________interpretative processes. Obviously,
he was ___much criticised___________because Freud __Seemed to____________ have given too much of
a role (un ruolo eccessivo) to sexuality, which was considered excessive. Instead, his studies were
evolutionary ___in the field___________.
