Corpus approaches to discourse analysis, Dispense di Linguistica Inglese

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Corpus approaches to

Discourse analysis

Lesson 2

Quick recap

• (^) Corpus approaches to discourse :authentic texts

Text

• (^) Text
• (^) As a count noun: a text is any artefact containing language usage - typically a written document or a recorded and/or transcribed spoken text. As a non-count noun: collected discourse, on any scale.

Collocation

• (^) Collocation A co-occurrence relationship between words or phrases. Words are said to collocate with one another if one is more likely to occur in the presence of the other than elsewhere.

Concordances

• (^) Concordance A display of every instance of a specified word or other search term in a corpus, together with a given amount of preceding and following context for each result or ‘hit’.
• (^) Concordancer A computer program that can produce a concordance from a specified text or corpus. Modern concordance software can also facilitate more advanced analyses

Extracting meanings from concordance lines

• (^) Meanings through encounters
• (^) • we learn the meaning of a word through our encounters with it
• (^) • its grammatical category,
• (^) • its collocations,
• (^) • its colligations,
• (^) • its syntactic preferences
• (^) • Its textual preferences
• (^) Its pragmatic associations

N Concordance et ag 697 with a further decline of 42. 45 points to 6,654.34. Investors trousered profits ahead of the long bank holiday weekend as 702 and eating into long-term investment. "We have not trousered the money and gone and sat in Monaco. It just 703 sheriff in Glasgow in the case of Abdul Rauf, who has now trousered some £140, 000 in fraudulent benefit payments. It 747 she says put hard-won rights in peril. lTHE huge sums trousered by disgraced former FIFA ExCo member Jack 769 mud when after floating the company at £3 in 2007 and trousering £900m in the process, the shares collapsed to 770 is not just a matter of putting out more birdseed and trousering the grant. Indeed, the Royal Society for the 771 second homes like pancakes on Shrove Tuesday, and trousering every outrageous claim they could squeeze 772 of the most lavish sport on the planet. But then, he will be trousering an estimated £30 million fee on behalf of CVC 773 his wings. An accomplished public speaker, rumoured to be trousering £10, 000 a time, he was demonstrating his skill at 774 fact that Wyllie ended up admitting his guilt, but not before trousering tens of thousands of pounds while awaiting trial, 775 just made them suck a little harder, albeit with Betfair trousering some of the proceeds. It did not address the 776 SPORT PAGES; Pg. 10 LENGTH: 49 words Despite trousering a reported £89m, the former Liverpool chairman 777 uptake as ever, it published a list of charity chief executives trousering large salaries: Nick Young of the Red Cross, 778 spent or earned anywhere is taxpayers' money: a footballer trousering a hundred grand a week is being paid 779 has been danced: Big Top setting, clown make-up, hayseed trousering and a soundtrack featuring Bobby McFerrin 780 look at Lloyds boss Eric Daniels' non-exec roles reveals he's trousering £74, 000 from BT, while retail director Helen Weir 781 A permatanned Tony Blair travels the world by private jet, trousering multiple salaries to pay the £40, 000 a month he 782 time the peer spends working on NBNK. With Lord Levene trousering a healthy £632, 000 for his Lloyd's chairmanship, 783 and watered with government resources: two first ministers (trousering a cool £110, 000 per year each), two junior 784 from cheating on their wives in the past to be accused of trousering cash for conceding goals. The only real shock is 785 on the equivalent of a football tourist visa in the hope of trousering a medal before he heads back to London in a 786 benefit was reduced to moronic noises about a few people trousering the money for Tuscan holidays. Columnists and 787 Wray sold all of his remaining 4.9m shares at 570p a pop, trousering £28m, while chairman Stephen Hemsley said 788 named the highest earner on U.S. television in the past year trousering £61 million for telling people who think they have 789 stupid glasses. And you still can't see up Noel Edmonds's trouserleg BYLINE: Charlie Brooker SECTION: GUARDIAN

N Concordance

5,286 Stieg Larsson books that all the characters seem to neck back insane amounts of coffee. Maybe it's because,

6,314 the real deal, and we're the patsies in the Hawaiian shirts, necking the Monkey Magic rum punch. Stafford's place in

6,315 tracked down by Francisco, a former friend who's soon necking the altar wine. In bursts of confession, we learn

6,316 where I stayed up till the smoky small hours as a student, necking vast quantities of red vino collapso." The other

6,317 665 words Kids today, eh? Running through the subway necking cyan booze cola; slaying each other for their Sony

6,318 was to attempt to kill himself. However, he found that necking a couple of valium and hoping to "die laughing in

6,319 up the rules as they go along, then breaking them, then necking some whisky and shooting each other. Then

6,320 to working for the local rag, where he spends his time necking Polish beer and investigating an anti-immigration

6,321 know. Harry Pearce might have spent the intervening time necking illegal hallucinogens and trying to peel his hand like

6,322 no jealousies - Hilly tells me how Kingsley was "t'rrifically necking old Miggy" (i.e. Margaret, her sister) on New

6,323 stuff done. I still sit on my sofa playing videogames, necking sweets and laughing at the telly, but these days if I

6,324 time. It's an alien hotspot. In your drugs heyday, you were necking 30 rocks of crack cocaine a day. Surely if you ate

6,325 Rollercoaster Life, how the bankers partied until 4am while necking bottles of ¤150 wine at one of three Christmas

6,326 here. Is this a paean to Calvin and Tinie's youthful years necking MD 20/ 20 outside their respective branches of

6,327 up a delightful, decadent world where, with luck, you're necking that half of champagne with Liam Neeson, and

6,328 Ms Letizia - who said she called him "Papi" - a ¤6, 000 necklace. It later emerged that, aged 17, she had attended

8,091 bottle in a Soho bar (and I hope the countless bottles he necks during the 70-minute set are non-alcoholic). Told

Scarf: data from online dictionaries:

• (^) Online dictionary.com
• – verb (used with object), verb (used without object)Slang. to eat, esp. voraciously (often fol. by down or up): to scarf down junk food. ...
• Urbandictionary: scarf eat devour inhale consume gorge neck head sweater chow down munch ... To pig out or 'down' food really fast and hastily. I scarfed down the burger. ... and used especially when time is of the essence.
• (^) Slang, scarfed, scarf·ing, scarfs. To eat or drink voraciously; devour: "Americans scarf down 50 million hot dogs on an average summer day" (George F. Will) ... www.answers.com/topic/ scarf -
• (^) Free online dictionary: To eat or drink voraciously; devour: "Americans scarf down 50 million hot dogs on an average summer day" (George F. Will). ... www.thefreedictionary.com/ scarf -
• (^) 7 Jul 2010 ... You scarfed down a Big Mac. You inhaled the large fries. You slurped down that double milkshake. But now you have to explain your less than ... digg.com/.../Ten_Excuses_For_Eating_at_McDonald_s -

suggestive

• (^) On no account tell a salacious or suggestive story.
• (^) these signals…A suggestive lowering of eyelids could mean she desires you
• (^) dingy screens, bare or with somewhat sexually suggestive motifs on them
• (^) 'The game is not a blue movie but there are suggestive scenes.
• (^) in the title is not a carrot, nor anything else remotely suggestive.
• (^) , the display of pornographic or sexually suggestive material and making

suggestive noises.

• (^) was to cross her legs in a smooth and television- suggestive manner that makes

it look

• (^). Men, moreover, appear to find suggestive behaviour less offensive.
• (^) It is answered by the taped voice of a woman who, between suggestive moans,

relates in Spanish and in graphic detail

Procedures for reading concordances:

• (^) Initiate: Look at the words immediately to the right. Note any that are repeated. Do the same with the words immediately to the left. Decide on the strongest patterns and start there.
• (^) Interpret. Look at the repeated words and try to forma a hypothesis that may link them, or most of them. For instance they may be of the same word class or they may have similar meanings

And then…

• (^) Consolidate. Look for other evidence that can support the hypothesis, single occurrences that come close to the criterion you have set up or structures that are different ways of expressing similar meanings. Look beyond the immediate word positions you started with, adjoining words or more distant ones.
• (^) Report. When you have exhausted the patterns that you can observe and have revised your hypothesis, so that it is as flexible as it needs to be and as strong as it can be, write it out so you have an explicit, testable version for the future

Gamut the nature of regularity and variation

• (^) The computer allows us to see regularity by gathering lots of instances and makes them easy to compare by arranging them
• (^) Repeated words to the left
• (^) Repeated words to the right
• (^) Small variations of position
• (^) Fixed patterns
• (^) Prepare a short account of the meaning and structure of the phrase around gamut. Then revise if necessary in the light of dataset 2

Reading concordances

• (^) Patterns emerge
• (^) Technological innovations […] permit us to plough through vast quantities of text in a short time and to reduce it or ‘boil it down’ to lists and concordance lines […] the pattern-perceiving predisposition of the brain comes into play when it examines them (Scott & Tribble,