Critical Discourse Analysis: An Overview, Slide di Linguistica

Scarica Critical Discourse Analysis: An Overview e più Slide in PDF di Linguistica solo su Docsity!

C R I T I C A L

D I S C O U R S E

A N A LY S I S

B Y M A R YA M K H O D AV E R D I A N

U N D E R T H E S U P E R V I S I O N O F

D R. A L L A M I. YA Z D U N I V E R S I T Y

Overview

 (^) History of CDA  (^) Key constructs: Critical, Discourse, Analysis of CDA  (^) Definition of CDA  (^) Three approaches of CDA( Fairclough, Van Dijk, Wodak)  (^) Doing CDA  (^) Notions of Lg, power and ideology  (^) Critical Lg Awareness (Fairclough)  (^) Application of CLA( Cots)  (^) CDA vs. Linguistics, CDA &SFL, CDA &CA  (^) Critical classroom discourse analysis (Kumaravadivelu)  (^) Critiques of CDA

What Is “Critical” About CDA?

 (^) Critical theory is a set of theories that attempt to locate and confront issues of power, privilege, and hegemony.  (^) Critical theories are generally concerned with issues of power and justice and the ways that the economy, race, class, gender, religion, education, and sexual orientation construct, reproduce, or transform social systems.  (^) Critical theorists believe that some groups in society are privileged over others, and this privilege leads to differential access to services, goods, and outcomes.

In CDA what is the starting point for analysts?

The starting point for the analysis differs depending on where the critical analyst locates and defines power. Critical discourse analysts locate power in the arena of language as a social practice. Power, however, can take on both liberating and oppressive forms.

Fairclough and Wodak (1997) outlined common tenets

of discourse under a critical umbrella:

• Discourse does ideological work.
• Discourse constitutes society and culture. Discourse and society/culture are mutually constitutive.
• Discourse is situated and historical.
• Power relations are partially discursive. That is, how power relationships (e.g., between media and politics) are exercised and negotiated in discourse.
• CDA is a socially committed scientific paradigm that addresses social problems.
• Discourse analysis is interpretive, descriptive, and explanatory.
• The role of the analyst is to study the relationships between texts and social practices.

What Is the “Analysis” in CDA?

 (^) CDA departs from discourse analysis and sociolinguistic analyses in its movement from description and interpretation to explanation of how discourse systematically constructs versions of the social world.  (^) Critical analyses position subjects in relations of power (both liberatory and oppressive aspects of power) rather than analyzing language as a way of explaining the psychological intentions, motivations, skills, and competencies of individuals (Luke, 1995/1996).

 (^) CDA focuses on how language as a cultural tool mediates relationships of power and privilege in social interactions, institutions, and bodies of knowledge.  (^) It focuses primarily on social problems and political issues, rather than on current paradigms and fashions.  (^) Rather than describe discourse structures, it tries to explain them in terms of properties of social interaction and especially social structure.  (^) CDA focuses on the ways discourse structures enact, confirm, legitimate, reproduce, or challenge relations of power and dominance in society.  (^) The study always incorporates fieldwork and ethnography to explore the object under investigation. .

 (^) CDA is an attempt to bring social theory and discourse analysis together to describe, interpret, and explain the ways in which discourse constructs, becomes constructed by, represents, and becomes represented by the social world.  (^) Critical discourse analysis emerged from 'critical linguistics' developed at the University of East Anglia in the 1970s, and the terms are now often interchangeable.  (^) CDA is not much a direction, school, or specialization next to the many other approaches in discourse studies. Rather, it aims to offer a different mode or perspective of theorizing, analysis and application throughout the whole field. Each member of the group follows/ed his or her own approach.  (^) CDA tries to bridge the gap between micro level of language and macro level of language.  (^) (CDA) is the uncovering of implicit ideologies in texts. It unveils the underlying ideological prejudices and therefore the exercise of power in texts” (Widdoson, 2000).

Van Dijk (1993) defines CDA as follows:

 (^) It is "a new cross-discipline that comprises the analysis of the text and talk in virtually all disciplines of the humanities and social sciences.”  (^) Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is obviously not a homogenous model, nor a school or a paradigm, but at most a shared perspective on doing linguistics, semiotic or discourse analysis.

Wodak defines CDA as follows:

CDA is critical linguistics and defines it as an interdisiplinary approach to Lg study with a critical point of view. She emphesied that using diverse theoritical and methodological concepts is necessary to investigate inequality in issues of social relevance

 (^) Leeuwen has been concerned with multi-modality and semiotics.  (^) Multi-modality: Many readings of the texts are constructed not just by the use of words and the combination of words ,other modality such as pictures, films, or video images and sounds are used.  (^) Together with Theo van Leeuwen, Kress has developed a taxonomy, which allows the precise description and interpretation of visual data ( Kress/ Van Leeuwen 1996). Kress focuses on ideology in news discourse.  (^) Kress believes that a fundamental understanding for a critical approach to discourse is “how producers and readers of signs are motivated by their backgrounds and social histories which make up the relevant context, including the social structures and the power relations existing therein.”

Norman Fairclough’s Dialectal- Relational Approach (DRA) 1 st^ approach

FAIRCLOUGH’S CRITICAL DISCOURSE

ANALYSIS

 (^) Textual-oriented approach  (^) Questionable linkage between textual description and interpretation Criticisms

Assist. Van Dijk's Socio-Cognitive Approach(SCA) 2 nd^ approach