global trade and e commerce! | Schemi e mappe concettuali di Inglese

Global trade

COMMERCE is a general term which refers to the distribution and sale of goods. It is divided into two main areas:

▪TRADE --> which refers to the activity of buying and selling goods and services;

▪SERVICE TO TRADE --> which make trade possible, these include storage, transport, banking, insurance, technological support,

communication and marketing.

HOME TRADE is concerned with the sale and distribution of products within a country from the producer to the consumer.

In the chain of distribution, wholesalers buy goods in bulk at cost price from producers and sell them smaller quantities at wholesale

price to retailers.

Retailers buy products from wholesalers or manufacturers and sell them in small quantities at retail price to consumers.

Global trade development

The world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of globalization.

Improved technology and communication systems have made it fast and easy for countries to share their goods and services through

commerce and trade. This has led to a huge growth in international trade and cultural exchange.

Experts identify three different waves in the globalization of trade.

1850-1914

During this period, the diffusion of new technologies, such as the steamship and the telephone, made transport and communication

between countries easier.

Some countries, for example Europe, lowered trade barriers. The result was a sharp increase in international trade and foreign

investment, which continued up to the start of World War I.

1945-1980

After World War II ended, new organizations such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund were created to support global

trade and agreements such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) guided trade negotiations.

In addition, technological advances in transport, for example high-speed railways, tankers and supersonic aircraft, expanded

long-distance trade.

Business and nancial links between advanced countries such as the USA, countries in Western Europe and Japan strengthened, while

developing countries fell behind.

1980-NOW

In 1995 the World Trade Organisation (WTO) was founded to strengthen the rules of the global trading system. Global trade has also been

accelerated by the rapid advance of information and communication technologies.

Thanks to the World Wide Web and other wireless technologies now a vast amount of trading take place electronically via e-commerce.

This has also been made possible thanks to developing countries such as Brazil, China, India and South Africa.

International trade

International trade is of vital importance for most free-market and represents a signicant part of the GDP. Depending on what a

country produces or needs, it can either export (sell goods or services abroad) or import (buy goods and services from other countries).

▪VISIBLE TRADE: refers to the exchange of physical products between countries.

-visible imports -->if the goods are brought into the country visible export -->if they are sold to another country

▪INVISIBLE TRADE: refers to exchange of service between countries.

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Global trade

COMMERCE is a general term which refers to the distribution and sale of goods. It is divided into two main areas: ▪ TRADE --> which refers to the activity of buying and selling goods and services; ▪ SERVICE TO TRADE --> which make trade possible, these include storage, transport, banking, insurance, technological support, communication and marketing. HOME TRADE is concerned with the sale and distribution of products within a country from the producer to the consumer. In the chain of distribution, wholesalers buy goods in bulk at cost price from producers and sell them smaller quantities at wholesale price to retailers. Retailers buy products from wholesalers or manufacturers and sell them in small quantities at retail price to consumers. Global trade development The world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of globalization. Improved technology and communication systems have made it fast and easy for countries to share their goods and services through commerce and trade. This has led to a huge growth in international trade and cultural exchange. Experts identify three different waves in the globalization of trade. 1850- During this period, the diffusion of new technologies, such as the steamship and the telephone, made transport and communication between countries easier. Some countries, for example Europe, lowered trade barriers. The result was a sharp increase in international trade and foreign investment, which continued up to the start of World War I. 1945- After World War II ended, new organizations such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund were created to support global trade and agreements such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) guided trade negotiations. In addition, technological advances in transport, for example high-speed railways, tankers and supersonic aircraft, expanded long-distance trade. Business and nancial links between advanced countries such as the USA, countries in Western Europe and Japan strengthened, while developing countries fell behind. 1980-NOW In 1995 the World Trade Organisation (WTO) was founded to strengthen the rules of the global trading system. Global trade has also been accelerated by the rapid advance of information and communication technologies. Thanks to the World Wide Web and other wireless technologies now a vast amount of trading take place electronically via e-commerce. This has also been made possible thanks to developing countries such as Brazil, China, India and South Africa. International trade International trade is of vital importance for most free-market and represents a signicant part of the GDP. Depending on what a country produces or needs, it can either export (sell goods or services abroad) or import (buy goods and services from other countries). ▪ VISIBLE TRADE: refers to the exchange of physical products between countries.

visible imports -->if the goods are brought into the country visible export -->if they are sold to another country ▪ INVISIBLE TRADE: refers to exchange of service between countries.

Inequalities in trade The globalization of trade has benetted developed countries, such as the USA and the countries in Western Europe in particular. This is because these countries have strong economies, rm trade links and their citizens enjoy a high standard of living. In recent years, newly industrialized countries (NICS), such as Brazil, Russia, India and China, have been able to strengthen their economies through international trade. China has recently become the world’s largest trading nation surpassing the USA. These emerging markets are characterized by very high levels of exportation and rapid industrialization. This will be among the most dominant economies by 2050. At the moment, most other developing countries, particularly those in Africa, are unable to compete equality trade in international trade. This is for a number of reason:

The countries are often politically unstable; They may lack natural resources; There is lack of infrastructure (roads, railways, ports,…) ; Poor health and diseases mean that some people are unable to work E-commerce E-COMMERCE stands for electronic commerce is an online form of shopping, carried out using applications, which allows the buyer to search a product in an online catalog, place an order and pay online. E-commerce is split into four categories: ▪ B2C → business-to-consumer: it is considered the "commercial" part of eCommerce and occurs when companies sell products, services or information directly to consumers. ▪ B2B → business-to-business: refers to the electronic exchanges of products, services or information between companies; ▪ B2A → business-to-administration: denes the relationship between a company and a public institution. ▪ C2C → consumer-to-consumer: is a type of electronic commerce in which consumers exchange products, services or information online. Ex:An example is eBay and Gumtree. ▪ C2B → consumer-to-business: it's a slightly rarer type of eCommerce where consumers make their products and services available online for companies to bid and buy. Ex:a blogger may review a certain product for a business and repealing goods or direct payments. ▪ C2A → consumer-to-administration: it refers to eCommerce activities between individuals and the government. Ex:these transactions are typically payments for public administration costs, such as health services, social security, or taxes. E-COMMERCE BY PRODUCT AND SALES METHOD Direct e-commerce (online): the service is exclusively performed through the electronic network and achieved thanks to the intangible characteristic of the asset. The buyer selects the product, orders it, makes the payment by electronic means and makes the download of the goods (or waits for the provision of the service). Indirect e-commerce (offline): similar to the classic trade, material goods can be consulted on a catalog where there are features, price and delivery methods. Traditional logistics is followed (freight forwarders, couriers and carriers) and payment can be made when ordering by electronic card or on delivery. MAIN RULES
Copyright of 1941 refers to e-commerce itself and what it creates. In case of violation there are consequences, sometimes criminal.
Consumer Code 2003 denes and regulates distance contracts between professional and consumer (obligations, rights of the parties). Unfair terms are listed in Article 33 of the Code and are conditions that lead to an important and obvious disadvantage for the consumer.
Electronic commerce by legislative decrees of 1998/1999/
Code of Industrial Property of 2005 lists the tools that protect your e-commerce. This avoids: cybersquatting ((the owners of these domains then try to sell them to third parties or directly to companies that hold the trademark registered in the domain) or domain grabbin (they register domains with names similar or equal to those of the competition to take advantage of it).
PSD2 (EU regulation) of 2015 are mandatory measures during electronic payments to ensure greater security (avoid identity theft, credentials, bank data and fraud).
GDPR (EU Regulation) of 2016 concerns the processing of personal data. It imposes gradual information obligations based on the activities and interaction between the user and the entity that manages the sale.

global trade and e commerce!, Schemi e mappe concettuali di Inglese

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