global trade inglese | Schemi e mappe concettuali di Inglese

COMMERCE AND TRADE

- COMMERCE is a term which refers to the distribution and sale of goods. It is divided into two main areas:

1. TRADE= which refers to the activity of buying and selling goods and services; domestic trade refers to

trade within a single country, while trade between different countries is known as 'international trade

2. SERVICES TO TRADE= include storage, transportation, banking, insurance, technology support,

communication and marketing.

DOMESTIC TRADE

-DOMESTIC TRADE involves the sale and distribution of products within a country from producer to consumer.

In the distribution chain:

WHOLESALERS purchase bulk goods at cost price from producers and sell them in small quantities at

wholesale prices to retailers.

RETAILERS purchase products from wholesalers or producers and sell them in small quantities at the

retail price to consumers.

GLOBAL TRADE DEVELOPMENT

-The world is increasingly interconnected because of globalization. Improved technology and communication

systems has made it QUICK AND EASY FOR COUNTRIES TO SHARE THEIR GOODS AND SERVICES through trade and

commerce. This has led to a huge growth in international trade and cultural exchanges.

-There are three waves of globalization of trade.

1850 - 1914

-During this period, the diffusion of new technologies made transportation and communication between

countries easier. Some countries, particularly in Europe, LOWERED TRADE BARRIERS, resulting in increased

international trade and foreign investment.

1945 - 1980

-After the end of World War II, new organizations such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund

(IMF) were created to SUPPORT GLOBAL TRADE and agreements such as the GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS

AND TRADE (GATT) trade-led.

-Trade and financial links between advanced countries such as the United States, Japan and Western European

countries have strengthened, while developing countries have lagged behind.

1980-NOW

-THE WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION (WTO) was founded in 1995 to strengthen the rules of the global trading

system. Global trade has also been accelerated by the rapid progress of information and communication

technologies.

-The World Wide Web and other wireless technologies have made international trade easier and faster. A large

amount of trading now takes place electronically via E-COMMERCE.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

-INTERNATIONAL TRADE is very important for most free-market and mixed economies and represent a significant

part of GDP. Depending on what a country produces or needs, it can EXPORT (sell goods or services abroad) or

IMPORT (buy goods and services from other countries).

Visible and invisible trade

VISIBLE TRADE= refers to the exchange of physical products between countries.

1. These are known as 'visible imports' if goods are introduced into the country

2. exports visible if they are sold to another country.

INVISIBLE TRADE= refers to the exchange of services between countries. It can be invisible imports or

invisible exports.

The trade balance (BOT)

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COMMERCE AND TRADE

COMMERCE is a term which refers to the distribution and sale of goods. It is divided into two main areas:
1. TRADE= which refers to the activity of buying and selling goods and services; domestic trade refers to trade within a single country, while trade between different countries is known as 'international trade
2. SERVICES TO TRADE= include storage, transportation, banking, insurance, technology support, communication and marketing. DOMESTIC TRADE -DOMESTIC TRADE involves the sale and distribution of products within a country from producer to consumer. In the distribution chain:  WHOLESALERS purchase bulk goods at cost price from producers and sell them in small quantities at wholesale prices to retailers.  RETAILERS purchase products from wholesalers or producers and sell them in small quantities at the retail price to consumers.

GLOBAL TRADE DEVELOPMENT

-The world is increasingly interconnected because of globalization. Improved technology and communication systems has made it QUICK AND EASY FOR COUNTRIES TO SHARE THEIR GOODS AND SERVICES through trade and commerce. This has led to a huge growth in international trade and cultural exchanges. -There are three waves of globalization of trade. 1850 - 1914 -During this period, the diffusion of new technologies made transportation and communication between countries easier. Some countries, particularly in Europe, LOWERED TRADE BARRIERS, resulting in increased international trade and foreign investment. 1945 - 1980 -After the end of World War II, new organizations such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) were created to SUPPORT GLOBAL TRADE and agreements such as the GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT) trade-led. -Trade and financial links between advanced countries such as the United States, Japan and Western European countries have strengthened, while developing countries have lagged behind. 1980-NOW -THE WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION (WTO) was founded in 1995 to strengthen the rules of the global trading system. Global trade has also been accelerated by the rapid progress of information and communication technologies. -The World Wide Web and other wireless technologies have made international trade easier and faster. A large amount of trading now takes place electronically via E-COMMERCE.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

-INTERNATIONAL TRADE is very important for most free-market and mixed economies and represent a significant part of GDP. Depending on what a country produces or needs, it can EXPORT (sell goods or services abroad) or IMPORT (buy goods and services from other countries). Visible and invisible trade  VISIBLE TRADE= refers to the exchange of physical products between countries.

These are known as 'visible imports' if goods are introduced into the country
exports visible if they are sold to another country.  INVISIBLE TRADE= refers to the exchange of services between countries. It can be invisible imports or invisible exports. The trade balance (BOT)

The TRADE BALANCE (BOT) is the difference between total exports and imports over a given period of time. In a year a country could import more than it exports. It would then have a trade DEFICIT OR A TRADE GAP. If it exports more than imports, it has a TRADE SURPLUS.

E-COMMERCE

-Today goods and services are often bought and sold via the Internet rather than through traditional channels. This process is called 'E-COMMERCE'. E-commerce can be divided into four main areas:  sales between companies, called 'BUSINESS-TO-BUSINESS' or B2B, for example sales of raw materials and equipment  direct sales from the producer to the final consumer, called 'BUSINESS-TO-CONSUMER' or B2C. For example, the sale of food, flowers, books, airline tickets, banking sales among consumers, usually through virtual auction sites like eBay. This is called 'CONSUMER-TO- CONSUMER' OR C2C sales of goods and services from private to business. One example is the sale of royalty-free photographs, illustrations and videos. This is called 'CONSUMER-TO-BUSINESS' OR C2B WHY IS E-COMMERCE SUCCESSFUL?  It’s quick and easy.  Online shops are always open.  It’s up-to-date and fashionable  The range of products offered is enormous.  Products can be bought and sold from all over the world

INEQUALITIES IN TRADE

-The GLOBALISATION OF TRADE has benefitted benefited developed countries, such as the United States and Western European countries. This is because these countries have strong economies, strong trade links and their citizens enjoy a high standard of living. -In recent years, the newly industrialised countries (NIC), such as Brazil, Russia, India and China have also been able to strengthen their economies through international trade. -Most other developing countries, particularly those in Africa, are unable to compete fairly in international trade. This is for a number of reasons:  countries are often politically unstable  may be without natural resources;  there are high rates of illiteracy and there are not enough qualified people;  can be exploited by richer and more influential countries  international debt and poverty prevent them from investing in industry;  lack of infrastructure (roads, railways, ports, etc.);  natural disasters such as drought and famine can have devastating effects  bad health and diseases means that some people are not able to work

TRADE ALLIANCES

-Some countries in specific regions have regrouped to make trade cheaper and easier and to protect themselves from imports from non-members. They created trade alliances called 'TRADING BLOCS'. Trade blocs have many advantages for member countries:  include free trade without taxes or limits  larger markets and the removal of border control

PROTECTIONISM

-Governments sometimes limit the amount of imports into their country. This action is known as 'protectionism'. The most common types of protection measures are: TARIFFTS

global trade inglese, Schemi e mappe concettuali di Inglese

Documenti correlati

Anteprima parziale del testo

Scarica global trade inglese e più Schemi e mappe concettuali in PDF di Inglese solo su Docsity!

COMMERCE AND TRADE

GLOBAL TRADE DEVELOPMENT

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

E-COMMERCE

INEQUALITIES IN TRADE

TRADE ALLIANCES

PROTECTIONISM