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FUORI PANIERE LINGUA INGLESE AGGIORNATO AL 2026, ESAME Lingua inglese (L-LIN/12)
Tipologia: Panieri
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SOLO RISPOSTE per Lingua inglese (L-LIN/12) EXTRA English is a Germanic language belonging to the Indo-European family. Modern English developed from Old English, Middle English and Early Modern English. Old English was strongly influenced by Germanic languages. Middle English was influenced by Norman French. Modern English expanded globally through colonization. English is considered a global lingua franca. A lingua franca is a language used for communication between speakers of different native languages. English has a flexible word order but typically follows Subject–Verb–Object. English grammar relies more on word order than inflection. Nouns in English have singular and plural forms. Plural nouns are usually formed by adding “-s” or “-es”. Irregular plurals include forms like “children” and “men”. English articles include definite and indefinite forms. The definite article “the” refers to specific nouns. Indefinite articles “a” and “an” refer to non-specific nouns. Uncountable nouns do not take plural forms. Verbs in English change according to tense and aspect. The present simple expresses habits and general truths. The present continuous expresses actions happening now. The past simple expresses completed actions in the past. The present perfect links past actions to the present. The future can be expressed using “will” or “going to”.
Modal verbs express ability, possibility, obligation or permission. Common modal verbs include can, must, should and might. Modal verbs do not take “-s” in the third person. English adjectives do not change for gender or number. Comparatives are formed with “-er” or “more”. Superlatives are formed with “-est” or “most”. Adverbs often end in “-ly”. Word formation includes prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes modify meaning, suffixes modify word class. English vocabulary includes words of Germanic, Latin and French origin. Synonyms are words with similar meanings. Antonyms are words with opposite meanings. False friends are words that look similar but differ in meaning. English pronunciation is not always phonetic. The same spelling can have different pronunciations. Stress is important for intelligibility. Intonation affects meaning and attitude. English has a wide range of vowel sounds. Consonant clusters are common in English. Listening skills require phonological awareness. Reading skills involve scanning and skimming. Scanning is reading for specific information. Skimming is reading for general meaning. Writing requires coherence and cohesion.
English as a second language differs from English as a foreign language. Language competence includes grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation. Communicative competence includes pragmatic and sociolinguistic skills. Fluency refers to smooth and continuous speech. Accuracy refers to correct language use. Errors are a natural part of language learning. Exposure and practice improve language proficiency. Language learning requires motivation and engagement. English is a key tool for international communication. English verb tenses express time, aspect and attitude. Aspect indicates how an action unfolds in time. The progressive aspect emphasizes duration or temporariness. The perfect aspect emphasizes completion or relevance. The present perfect is often used with “already”, “yet” and “just”. The present perfect continuous emphasizes ongoing actions. The past perfect expresses an action completed before another past action. The future perfect expresses an action completed before a future time. Stative verbs usually do not appear in the continuous form. Common stative verbs include know, believe and belong. Phrasal verbs consist of a verb and a particle. Phrasal verbs are common in informal English. Some phrasal verbs are separable, others are inseparable. Idiomatic expressions have meanings not deducible from individual words. Collocations are words that frequently occur together.
Strong collocations improve naturalness in English. Lexical chunks facilitate fluency in speech. Register awareness is essential for appropriate language use. Academic English avoids contractions and colloquial expressions. Nominalization is common in academic writing. Nominalization turns verbs into nouns. Hedging reduces the strength of statements. Hedging expressions include “may”, “might” and “suggest”. Academic writing values objectivity and caution. The first person is often avoided in formal academic texts. Cohesive devices include reference, substitution and ellipsis. Reference can be anaphoric or cataphoric. Anaphoric reference refers back to previous information. Cataphoric reference anticipates information that follows. Discourse analysis studies language beyond the sentence level. Pragmatics studies meaning in context. Speech acts include requests, apologies and promises. Indirect speech acts are common in polite communication. Politeness strategies reduce face-threatening acts. Face refers to a person’s public self-image. Negative politeness emphasizes respect for autonomy. Positive politeness emphasizes solidarity and approval. English politeness relies heavily on indirectness. Intonation patterns signal attitudes and emotions.
Arguments require claims, evidence and reasoning. Critical thinking is central to academic English. Essay structure typically includes introduction, body and conclusion. Topic sentences guide paragraph development. Coherence is achieved through logical progression. Cohesion is achieved through linguistic links. Proofreading improves accuracy and clarity. Editing focuses on structure and style. Language proficiency develops through sustained exposure. Reading extensively increases vocabulary depth. Listening to authentic materials improves comprehension. Speaking fluency improves with practice and interaction. Writing skills develop through feedback and revision. Motivation strongly affects language acquisition. Autonomy enhances long-term learning. English proficiency supports academic and professional mobility. Language learning is a lifelong process. English syntax is relatively rigid compared to highly inflected languages. Syntactic relations are primarily expressed through word order. Constituent structure determines sentence interpretation. The noun phrase can include determiners, adjectives and modifiers. Pre-modification is common in English noun phrases. Post-modification includes relative clauses and prepositional phrases. Complex noun phrases are frequent in academic discourse.
Subordination allows hierarchical organization of information. Coordination links elements of equal syntactic status. Clause embedding increases syntactic complexity. Finite clauses express tense and agreement. Non-finite clauses include infinitives and participles. Infinitive clauses often express purpose or intention. Gerund clauses function as nouns. Participial clauses compress information in written English. Passive constructions foreground processes rather than agents. Agentless passives enhance impersonality. Impersonal structures support objectivity in academic texts. Existential “there” introduces new information. Cleft sentences are used for focus and emphasis. Information structure distinguishes given and new information. Topic-comment structure organizes discourse flow. Focus marking highlights salient elements. English relies on prosody for focus in speech. Written English relies on syntax and punctuation for focus. Punctuation guides interpretation and readability. Commas mark clause boundaries and non-essential information. Semicolons connect closely related independent clauses. Colon introduces explanation or elaboration. Academic texts favor longer sentences with controlled complexity. Sentence length correlates with syntactic density, not clarity loss.
Epistemic modality expresses degrees of certainty. Deontic modality expresses obligation or permission. Modal verbs encode modality and stance. Modal adverbs refine degrees of certainty. Reported speech integrates external voices. Attribution distinguishes authorial and cited claims. Intertextuality connects texts within academic discourse. Paraphrasing demonstrates comprehension and integration. Patchwriting is considered inadequate paraphrasing. Plagiarism undermines academic integrity. Citation practices construct scholarly identity. Argumentation requires logical coherence. Fallacies weaken argumentative structure. Critical reading evaluates sources and evidence. Critical writing positions the writer within a debate. Metadiscourse guides reader interpretation. Interactive metadiscourse organizes text. Interactional metadiscourse engages the reader. Reader engagement enhances accessibility. Academic English balances formality and clarity. Over-formality can reduce communicative effectiveness. Clarity depends on structure, not simplification. Plain academic style improves comprehension. Revision is integral to high-quality writing.
Feedback supports language development. Advanced proficiency includes pragmatic competence. Pragmatic failure can occur despite grammatical accuracy. Cultural norms influence pragmatic interpretation. Intercultural communication requires sensitivity. English functions as a contact language globally. Variation does not imply deficiency. Standard norms are socially constructed. Language change is accelerated by digital communication. New registers emerge in online academic contexts. English continues to evolve through global use. Mastery of English involves adaptability and awareness.