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05. Grammatical Features of Headlines: 1. Omission of Articles and Auxiliaries: Headlines often omit articles ("a," "an," "the") and auxiliary verbs ("is," "are," "was," "will be"). For example, "City Council Approves New Park" instead of "The City Council Approves the New Park." 2. Use of Present Simple Tense: Headlines frequently use the present simple tense to convey immediacy or timelessness, even for past events. For example, "Scientists Discover New Planet" instead of "Scientists Discovered a New Planet." 3. Headlines as Noun Phrases: Headlines often consist of noun phrases or nominal constructions rather than complete sentences. For example, "Economic Growth Hits Record High" instead of "Economic Growth Has Hit a Record High." 06. Why Talent Shows Are Popular: There are several reasons why talent shows appeal to viewers and contestants alike: they offer a platform where people can showcase their unique skills, allowing ordinary people to become famous; they create suspense and excitement, emotionally engaging viewers in the contestants' journeys and performances; the content is always fresh and interesting (singing, dancing, magic); the interactive element, in which viewers vote for their favourites, creates a sense of involvement and interest. This combination of personal aspirations, entertainment and audience engagement fuels the popularity of talent shows. 01. Why Radio Is Still Popular: Radio remains the most popular choice thanks to its convenience, personal touch and easy accessibility. Its low cost and minimal equipment requirements add to its enduring appeal, especially in areas with limited access to other forms of media. By providing news and commentary in real time, radio is a valuable resource for those who need information while travelling or when multiple activities are happening simultaneously. It fosters a sense of closeness and community through familiar voices and local content. Furthermore, the versatility of radio in different formats, such as debates, music and updates, ensures that it can cater to a variety of interests. 02. The Internet's Impact on Journalism: The Internet’s Impact on journalism has been revolutionary. It has certainly improved accessibility and speed of information, because users can find information anytime, anywhere. On the other hand, with the increase in the quantity of information, we can say that quality is often at risk, and in fact there has been a sharp increase in fake news. Finding the right balance between the advantage of usability and the need for accurate and well-verified information is essential in the digital age. 12. Fill in the gaps with the suitable past tenses: Last night I was watching (watch) a film when suddenly I heard (hear) a noise. I got up (get up) and went (go) into the kitchen where I saw (see) my cat. She was eating (eat) the dinner leftovers. 13. Fill in the gaps with the suitable form of the verbs in brackets: Yesterday I got up (get up) at 8 o’clock. I had (have) a quick shower, then I got dressed. I drank (drink) a strong coffee and went (go) to work. I had a very busy day. I wrote (write) a hundred emails. When I finished I drove (drive) home and watched TV all evening.
01. Write 3 phrases that can be used when introducing your opinion in an article (e.g.: I think…). 1. "In my opinion,..." 2. Personally, I believe that 3. In my view 03. How can people become influencers? What do they need to do? Give some tips in 100 words. The people became influencers because of their relationship with their audience and their knowledge and expertise in a particular area, e.g. fashion, travel or technology. Influencers often have a large following of people who pay close attention to their views. They have the power to persuade people to buy things, and influencers are now seen by many companies as a direct way to customers’ hearts. The influecers need to choose their niche, to choose their medium and write an interesting bio, to post regularly and consistently, to tell an interesting story and to make sure people can easily find their content. 01. Are social media platforms popular among all generations? What are these platforms used for? Write 100 words. Social media is now used by all generations, but young people are the biggest users. There is certainly a difference in usage: young people use more entertainment platforms, such as TikTok, YouTube, Snapchat and Instagram, while older people use platforms to stay informed about news, keep in touch with friends and family, and for work. In fact, the platforms most used by adults are definitely WhatsApp, LinkedIn and Facebook. The platforms serve as tools for communication, personal expression, and professional networking, bridging gaps between diverse user groups. 02. How could we communicate more effectively? Write a few tips in 100 words. Effective communication is possible, and there are some tips that can help you achieve it. For example, it is important to respect the preferences and needs of the people you are communicating with, because these are different for everyone. Another tip is to filter and organise the information you need, archiving or deleting unnecessary information. In addition, you need to communicate with empathy and respect to create a rapport with the other person, which is important for apologising when necessary or gaining their trust. It’s also necessary to use the right tools and platforms and to set limits and expectations. 03. Write a letter to your friend, Joe. Tell him about your new job or your studies. Write about 100 words. Hi Joe, I hope you're well! I wanted to share some exciting news with you: I just started a new job as a nursery school teacher. I'm thrilled to be working on creative projects with children and parents. The team is fantastic; we're all the same age and have already gotten to know each other outside of work. The nursery is just a few minutes' walk from my house; it's wonderful! I hope I can give my all! We'll talk soon so I can tell you more in person. Give my regards to your girlfriend. I hope to hear from you soon!
records, cassettes and CDs, but today YouTube, Spotify, Apple Music and Amazon Music have radically changed the way we listen to music. These music platforms allow us to explore a vast array of music and genres and enable listeners to create personalised playlists. People often listen to music on their smartphones, smart speakers or headphones at many different times of the day: at home, at the gym, while out walking, in the car, outdoors. Before, it was only possible to listen to music at home or when travelling! Pop, hip-hop, and electronic music are the most preferred types of music.
02. Which one do you prefer: the theatre or the cinema? Explain your choice in 100 words. I am passionate about theatre! I find theatre much more engaging because you feel part of the scene. Live acting makes every show unique and allows you to feel part of the story and the emotions conveyed in the theatre. Often, a shared experience is created in a theatre because there is almost always interaction between the audience and the actors. Theatre makes you feel part of something! Cinema is also overwhelming: with its sharp images and special effects, it manages to capture and transport you, but compared to theatre, it undoubtedly offers a colder experience. 01. Write 3 phrases that can be used as transition words in an essay (e.g.: In conclusion…). On one hand - On the other hand - It is stated that Nevertheless 05. What kind of places do you like visiting (historical buildings, natural attractions, fun fairs, etc.)? Write 100 words about a memorable trip. I love visiting places where you can enjoy both nature and culture, where there are incredible landscapes and places with an important cultural heritage. One of the last trips I took that gave me so much from both a naturalistic and cultural point of view was to Sicily. Siracusa, the Ortigia’s island, Palermo and Catania are beautiful cities, rich in history, where I was able to visit, for example, the Greek theatre, a magnificent place from both a cultural and naturalistic point of view. Not to mention the coastal landscape, the sea and the nature reserves that this Italian region has to offer! 01. Change the direct speech into reported speech.
- “I want to talk to Dora,” Paul said. Paul said that he wanted to talk to Dora.
- “I called you yesterday,” Jane said. Jane said that she had called me the day before.
- “The special guest will be here in ten minutes,” the presenter announced. The presenter announced that the special guest would be there in ten minutes. 02. Complete the reported questions.
- Have you been to the USA? Lucy asked me if I had been to the USA.
- How much does a ticket cost? Tom asked me how much a ticket cost.
- How far is the British Museum? Jenny wanted to know how far the British Museum was. 01. Describe a European city and name its typical features. Write 100 words.
Rome is a city of ancient history, culture and art and it’s the capital of Italy. The city is home to some of the world's most iconic monuments, such as the Colosseum, Roman Forum, Pantheon and Trevi Fountain. Rome is also known for its numerous ancient ruins, churches, palaces and museums, from the awe-inspiring St. Peter's Basilica to the charming Spanish Steps and the breathtaking views from the top of the Roman Forum. Rome is also a vibrant and bustling city, full of energy and life, its narrow cobblestone streets are full of cafes and restaurants, and its squares are alive with music and street performers.
01. Which are the symptoms of the flu and how can it be treated? Write 100 words. Typical symptoms of influenza include a blocked nose or cold, high fever, muscle aches, cough, weakness, chills, sore throat, and, in some cases, diarrhoea, vomiting and severe headache. When you have the flu, it is generally recommended that you rest and drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration. You can also take over-the-counter medications to relieve symptoms, such as pain relievers and cough syrups. Sometimes, your doctor may also prescribe antiviral medications that can help reduce the duration and severity of the flu. When you are ill, it is very important to practise good hand hygiene and avoid contact with other people to prevent the virus from spreading. 02. What can we do to stay healthy? Give some advice and explain your choices in 100 words. To stay healthy, the first thing to do is to follow a healthy lifestyle, which means exercising, getting enough sleep (at least 6-9 hours) and eating a balanced diet. Exercise not only keeps our bodies in shape, but also helps circulation. Another important thing to work on to stay healthy is learning to manage stress. Techniques such as mindfulness or hobbies can improve mental well-being. In addition, eat healthily to give your body the right nutrients and stay hydrated, avoid excessive alcohol consumption and refrain from smoking. Finally, it is also advisable to carry out regular checks. 11. Complete the sentences below with some, any, or no.
- Gina doesn't have any friends.
- There is some soup in the fridge.
- Would you like some ice cream?
- We are too late! You have no time to change.
- There won't be any kids at the party.
- I know some professionals who can help us. 01. What does SQ3R stand for? Name the steps and describe them briefly. It is an effective method for reading academic texts, to understand and remember their contents. ‘ SQ3R’ stands for Survey, Question, Read, Recall and Review, i.e. the five steps that should be taken when reading an academic text purposefully, when it is essential to understand it in order to complete a writing task.
- Survey : to survey a text means that you should look at the title, section headings, images and graphs and other figures in the book or article. It is also important to consider the style which reveals a lot about the type of text, and to check the references to get some idea of the sources of the material.
- Question : surveying is followed by asking questions. The first questions should relate to the
reading it in detail. It involves quickly scanning through the material, focusing on headings, subheadings, keywords and highlighted text to grasp the main ideas and overall structure. Skimming is useful for quickly determining the relevance of a document or finding specific sections within a larger text.
08. What does surveying mean? ANALYSIS is the first step to take before reading a text. When analysing a text, you consider it as a whole and examine the big picture to get a general idea of its content. As mentioned above, examining a text means checking the title, author, date and place of publication, section headings, images, graphs and other figures (in the book or article). This helps you decide whether the publication is worth reading (purpose). 02. What are the differences between extended essays and theses? Extended Essays:
- Length: Typically 3,000-4,000 words.
- Purpose: Often part of high school or undergraduate programs; demonstrates research skills on a specific topic.
- Scope: More focused, narrow topic with limited depth.
- Audience: Intended for a specific educational context, such as an IB program or undergraduate course. Theses:
- Length: Usually 40 - 100 pages or more.
- Purpose: A requirement for completing a master's or doctoral program; contributes original research or analysis to the field.
- Scope: Broader, in-depth study that involves extensive research.
- Audience: Aimed at academic professionals and researchers; contributes new knowledge or perspectives to the field. 04. Which are the main characteristics of formal language? Name and explain at least three of them.
- Impersonal Tone: Formal language avoids personal pronouns and subjective statements, focusing instead on the subject matter and facts. For example, "The study demonstrates" instead of "I believe the study demonstrates."
- Complex Sentence Structures: Formal writing often uses complex and compound sentences to convey detailed information. For instance, "Although the initial results were promising, further research is required to confirm the long-term effectiveness of the treatment."
- Precise Vocabulary: Formal language uses specific and technical terms relevant to the subject, avoiding slang and colloquial expressions. For example, using "utilize" instead of "use" to convey a more precise meaning. 05. How can we avoid using personal pronouns (I or we) in academic writing? In order to avoid using I or WE, you can use: the passives; abstract terms, like this essay, the author,
the researcher, the data; impersonal expressions, like there is, it is, one.
01. What are phrasal verbs? How are they formed? Is it recommended to use them in academic writing? Phrasal verbs are expressions consisting of a verb and one or more particles (prepositions or adverbs) that together create a new meaning. Examples include "give up," "look into," and "run out of." Phrasal verbs are formed by combining a main verb with a preposition or adverb. For example, "turn off" (turn + off) or "look after" (look + after). Phrasal verbs are generally avoided in formal academic writing because they can be less precise and more conversational. Instead, more formal and specific verbs are used, such as "investigate" instead of "look into" or "terminate" instead of "give up." 02. What is a collocation? Explain it and give four examples. A collocation is a set of words that often appear together. However, in many cases there is no apparent logical reason why one word is associated with another. An academic text that contains collocations sounds more professional and rich. It is also more precise, as collocations allow authors to express their thoughts clearly. Examples: “Strong coffee, research methodology, fast car, break the news” 03. Give the formal counterpart of the following phrasal verbs: 1. Look into – Investigate 2. Come round – Visit 3. Get on – Advance 4. Come across – Meet 5. Take back – Withdraw 6. Put up with – Tolerate 04. Give the noun counterparts of the following verbs and adjectives: 1. Attract – Attraction 2. Explode – Explosion 3. Judge – Judgment 4. Resist – Resistance 5. Willing – Willingness 6. Complex – Complexity 05. What is nominalisation? Explain it and give four examples. Nominalisation is the process of replacing verbs or adjectives with nouns. Nominalisation helps to create a more formal style and is a typical feature of academic writing. 1. Attract – Attraction 3. happy - happiness 2. Explode – Explosion 4. Active - activity 01. What is the difference between quoting and paraphrasing? Do you need to acknowledge your sources?
Chancery English is a standardized form of Middle English used in the administrative and legal documents of the English Chancery. Developed during the late 14th and early 15th centuries, it emerged as a more formal and consistent written language, which helped in the standardization of English. It was characterized by a uniform spelling and grammar, which contributed to the eventual development of Early Modern English.
