Analysis of Word Morphology and Semantics: Lexemes, Morphemes, Homophones, Synonyms, Text | Appunti di Lingua Inglese

Lexeme : can be a single word( cat , push, walk) , an idiomatic phrase or a compound noun .

Morphemes : units which constitute entire word that cannot be subdivided or are smaller

than words. Morphemes can be divided in : free (cat,please,super) bound that can have two

functions : suffixes or prefixes to make new words , inflectional morphemes are suffixes that

give information about number, tense, and other grammatical information. Inflectional

morphemes do not change the meaning of a word.

Homophones : are words with the same sound but different meaning and different spelling

(to,two,too)

Homographs :are words with the same spelling but different meaning and different sound

Synonyms : words with similar meanings or same meanings

Polysemes: words with several meaning (get)

Metaphor :is a figure of speech that describe an object or action in a way that isn’t literally

true but help to explain an idea

Semantic field: is a set of lexeme which cover a certain concept

Idiom :is an expression which cannot be understood from the meaning of the single words

forming it

Denotation :is the dictionary meaning of a word

Connotation: the personal or emotional meaning , it depends on the context too and it’s

different from culture to culture

Amelioration : a positive connotation of a word

Deterioration : word that have a negative connotation

Text analysis : refers to the investigation of both spoken and written text

Discourse analysis :is the analysis of language in use. It consider the relationship between

language and context in which it is used

Cohesion: refers to the relationship between items in a text such as words, phrases, clauses

and other items such as pronoun , noun, conjunction.

Collocation :is a combination of words that are commonly used together . includes noun

phrases, idiomatic phrases and phrasal verbs.

Expectancy relations :a practicable relationship between a verb and the subject or object

determined by factors such as social occasions. Language can be more or less informal it

depends by the context in which we find ourselves . in English we have : formal, ultra

informal, informal and ultra informal or slang registers .

Text types : a letter, a newspaper article , user guide, advert, notice..

-an advert is written for promotional purposes to persuade you to buy something

-an user guide is written to tell you how to use something

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Lexeme : can be a single word( cat , push, walk) , an idiomatic phrase or a compound noun. Morphemes : units which constitute entire word that cannot be subdivided or are smaller than words. Morphemes can be divided in : free (cat,please,super) bound that can have two functions : suffixes or prefixes to make new words , inflectional morphemes are suffixes that give information about number, tense, and other grammatical information. Inflectional morphemes do not change the meaning of a word. Homophones : are words with the same sound but different meaning and different spelling (to,two,too) Homographs :are words with the same spelling but different meaning and different sound Synonyms : words with similar meanings or same meanings Polysemes: words with several meaning (get) Metaphor :is a figure of speech that describe an object or action in a way that isn’t literally true but help to explain an idea Semantic field: is a set of lexeme which cover a certain concept Idiom :is an expression which cannot be understood from the meaning of the single words forming it Denotation :is the dictionary meaning of a word Connotation: the personal or emotional meaning , it depends on the context too and it’s different from culture to culture Amelioration : a positive connotation of a word Deterioration : word that have a negative connotation Text analysis : refers to the investigation of both spoken and written text Discourse analysis :is the analysis of language in use. It consider the relationship between language and context in which it is used Cohesion: refers to the relationship between items in a text such as words, phrases, clauses and other items such as pronoun , noun, conjunction. Collocation :is a combination of words that are commonly used together. includes noun phrases, idiomatic phrases and phrasal verbs. Expectancy relations :a practicable relationship between a verb and the subject or object Register :sometimes called stylistic variation. Is one of the many style or varieties of language determined by factors such as social occasions. Language can be more or less informal it depends by the context in which we find ourselves. in English we have : formal, ultra informal, informal and ultra informal or slang registers. Text types : a letter, a newspaper article , user guide, advert, notice.. -an advert is written for promotional purposes to persuade you to buy something -an user guide is written to tell you how to use something

-a personal letter might be written to describe an event The main text types : persuasive , informative,instructive and descriptive.

Persuasive text the purpose is to make you do something. tend to use : repetitions , capital letters , colours and images, emphasis , question marks , rhetorical questions.
Informative text : which wants to tell you about something. help the reader to understand a process. tend to use repetition of the facts , introducing the subject and then developing it.
Instructive text : tells you how to do something. tend to use : imperative, must and mustn’t , a chronological order with bullet points or number.
Descriptive text : wants you to imagine or visualize. use : adjective, adverbs , idioms, comparisons, employ your five senses , express feelings, emotions, moods. Another way to recognize different types of text is investigate verb tense. informative text tend to use present tense , descriptive text tend to use past tense. The verb voice can be passive o active. Grammatical cohesion : when analysing a piece of discourse you also need to use knowledge of grammatical structures Reference: can be endophoric when the reference is in the text and we don’t need a support from outside, exophoric when is outside the text Deixis : are words whose reference must be determined from the context : person ,place,time. includes the adverbs like : now ,then, soon, today, tomorrow Anaphoric reference : when a personal pronoun refers to something that we said before Cataphoric refernce: when a personal pronoun refers to something which appears later in the text The politic of pronoun : there is not neutral way to refer simply to a person without specifying a sex. Person deixis : includes personal pronouns Comparative reference : indicates that the reader should not only to look somewhere else for information but also compare the terms that are being linked Substitution : to make the text more economic. the most common substitutive terms are : do , so ,one\ones. Substitution types: Nominal : omission of noun phrase Verbal : omission of the verb phrase Clausal : omission of clauses or a part of clauses Reference VS substitution : reference is a relation between the meaning of a word and the envoirment. the substitution is the relation between words and another word or phrases Ellipsis : is omitting elements completely.
- nominal ellipsis : omission of noun phrase
- verbal ellipsis : omission of verb phrase
- clausal ellipsis : omission of a clause or a part Conjunction : are a specific word that express how item should be linked.
- additives : add an information
- adversatives : contradiction

Analysis of Word Morphology and Semantics: Lexemes, Morphemes, Homophones, Synonyms, Text , Appunti di Lingua Inglese

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