linguistica inglese e e e | Test d'ammissione di Linguistica Inglese

Lingua e linguistica inglese (Boyd)       Final Exam (2.5 ore)               
7 September 2021
Choose at  least  two texts  representing two  different  text typologies  from  below.  They all  have  to deal  with  Covid-19 and
vaccine (rights) in some way.
TEXT 1: The Guardian view on global vaccine inequality: unwise as well as unethical
Editorial The Guardian 25 August 2021
Richer countries must wake up and see the bigger Covid picture
The statistics are stark and shaming. During an exasperatedinterventionearlier this week, the World Health 
Organization’s director general, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, pointed out that of 4.8bn Covid vaccine doses delivered 
around the world to date,around 75%have gone to just 10 countries. The level of vaccine donations from richer 
countries, he added with some understatement, has been “really disappointing”. In Africa, where a third wave of the virus
has been on the march since May, less than 2% of the continent’s population has received a first dose. While high-
income countries across the globe have administered around 100 doses for every 100 citizens, the equivalent figure for 
low-income countries is 1.5.
As a consequence, while the United States, Britain and other richer nations begin to roll outprogrammesfor booster 
shots in the autumn, a pandemic of the unvaccinated continues unabated elsewhere. The WHO’s target of reaching 10% 
of the population of every country with a first shot by the end of September is unlikely to be met. This grotesque 
inequity, as Dr Tedros andothershave repeatedly pointed out, is ultimately in no one’s interest. Allowing much of the 
planet to operate as a variant factory, and the more transmissible Delta variant to run riot, stores up trouble for the future. 
“Vaccinating the world” should therefore be seen as sound strategy as well as an ethical obligation. But, in Europe and 
North America, early good intentions have so far come a distant second to domestic priorities.
Governments with the means to do so have secured preferential deals for vaccines, over-ordered doses, hoarded them 
and restricted exports. Britain has played aleadingrole in opposing calls for intellectual property rights for vaccines to be
temporarily waived. Overall, donations from richer countries have not remotely approached the level required. Covax, 
the vaccine-pooling scheme, has under-delivered, losing its major supply source after India’sdecisionto ban 
AstraZeneca exports. On the ground, insufficient time, effort and finance have been devoted to ensuring that the 
infrastructure is in place to carry out vaccination programmes efficiently, when doses are available. The likely result is 
that most people in low-income countries will be required towaituntil 2023 to be vaccinated. This desperately slow 
rollout will cost the global economy $2.3tn in lost output, according to astudypublished today. The brunt of those losses 
will be borne by the unvaccinated poor.
Perhaps more in hope than expectation, the WHO has called for a two-month moratorium on the administering of 
booster shots in wealthier nations. The politics of such a move would be fraught. But a way must be found to 
dramatically increase supply to those countries struggling to provide first and second jabs. As the IMF, the World Bank 
and the World Trade Organization have acknowledged by setting up a joint vaccinetaskforce, the level of inequality is 
untenable. As successive waves of Covid-19 hit richer countries, domestic crisis management eclipsed all other 
considerations. But if the world is to emerge sustainably from the pandemic, a more strategic and equitable approach is 
desperately needed.
TEXT 2: Covid Ravaged South America. Then Came a Sharp Drop in Infections. The New York Times, By$Ernesto 
Londoño,$Daniel Politi$and$Flávia Milhorance
 September 5, 2021
RIO DE JANEIRO — Just a few weeks ago, Covid-19 was spreading with alarming ease across a cluster of nations in 
South America, overwhelming hospital systems and killing thousands of people daily. Suddenly, the region that had been 
the epicenter of the pandemic is breathing a sigh of relief. New infections have fallen sharply in nearly every nation in 
South America as vaccination rates have ramped up. The reprieve has been so sharp and fast, even as the Delta variant 
wreaks havoc elsewhere in the world, that experts can’t quite explain it.
Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Peru, Colombia, Uruguay and Paraguay experienced dramatic surges of cases in the first 
months of the year, just as vaccines started to arrive in the region. Containment measures were uneven and largely lax 
because governments were desperate to jump-start languishing economies. “Now the situation has cooled across South 
America,” said Carla Domingues, an epidemiologist who ran Brazil’s immunization program until 2019. “It’s a phenomenon
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Anteprima parziale del testo

Scarica linguistica inglese e e e e più Test d'ammissione in PDF di Linguistica Inglese solo su Docsity!

Lingua e linguistica inglese (Boyd) Final Exam (2.5 ore)

7 September 2021

Choose at least two texts representing two different text typologies from below. They all have to deal with Covid-19 and vaccine (rights) in some way.

TEXT 1: The Guardian view on global vaccine inequality: unwise as well as unethical

Editorial The Guardian 25 August 2021

Richer countries must wake up and see the bigger Covid picture

The statistics are stark and shaming. During an exasperated intervention earlier this week, the World Health

Organization’s director general, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, pointed out that of 4.8bn Covid vaccine doses delivered

around the world to date, around 75% have gone to just 10 countries. The level of vaccine donations from richer

countries, he added with some understatement, has been “really disappointing”. In Africa, where a third wave of the virus

has been on the march since May, less than 2% of the continent’s population has received a first dose. While high-

income countries across the globe have administered around 100 doses for every 100 citizens, the equivalent figure for

low-income countries is 1.5.

As a consequence, while the United States, Britain and other richer nations begin to roll out programmes for booster

shots in the autumn, a pandemic of the unvaccinated continues unabated elsewhere. The WHO’s target of reaching 10%

of the population of every country with a first shot by the end of September is unlikely to be met. This grotesque

inequity, as Dr Tedros and others have repeatedly pointed out, is ultimately in no one’s interest. Allowing much of the

planet to operate as a variant factory, and the more transmissible Delta variant to run riot, stores up trouble for the future.

“Vaccinating the world” should therefore be seen as sound strategy as well as an ethical obligation. But, in Europe and

North America, early good intentions have so far come a distant second to domestic priorities.

Governments with the means to do so have secured preferential deals for vaccines, over-ordered doses, hoarded them

and restricted exports. Britain has played a leading role in opposing calls for intellectual property rights for vaccines to be

temporarily waived. Overall, donations from richer countries have not remotely approached the level required. Covax,

the vaccine-pooling scheme, has under-delivered, losing its major supply source after India’s decision to ban

AstraZeneca exports. On the ground, insufficient time, effort and finance have been devoted to ensuring that the

infrastructure is in place to carry out vaccination programmes efficiently, when doses are available. The likely result is

that most people in low-income countries will be required to wait until 2023 to be vaccinated. This desperately slow

rollout will cost the global economy $2.3tn in lost output, according to a study published today. The brunt of those losses

will be borne by the unvaccinated poor.

Perhaps more in hope than expectation, the WHO has called for a two-month moratorium on the administering of

booster shots in wealthier nations. The politics of such a move would be fraught. But a way must be found to

dramatically increase supply to those countries struggling to provide first and second jabs. As the IMF, the World Bank

and the World Trade Organization have acknowledged by setting up a joint vaccine taskforce, the level of inequality is

untenable. As successive waves of Covid-19 hit richer countries, domestic crisis management eclipsed all other

considerations. But if the world is to emerge sustainably from the pandemic, a more strategic and equitable approach is

desperately needed.

TEXT 2: Covid Ravaged South America. Then Came a Sharp Drop in Infections****. The New York Times, By Ernesto Londoño, Daniel Politi and Flávia Milhorance September 5 , 2021 RIO DE JANEIRO — Just a few weeks ago, Covid-19 was spreading with alarming ease across a cluster of nations in South America, overwhelming hospital systems and killing thousands of people daily. Suddenly, the region that had been the epicenter of the pandemic is breathing a sigh of relief. New infections have fallen sharply in nearly every nation in South America as vaccination rates have ramped up. The reprieve has been so sharp and fast, even as the Delta variant wreaks havoc elsewhere in the world, that experts can’t quite explain it. Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Peru, Colombia, Uruguay and Paraguay experienced dramatic surges of cases in the first months of the year, just as vaccines started to arrive in the region. Containment measures were uneven and largely lax because governments were desperate to jump-start languishing economies. “Now the situation has cooled across South America,” said Carla Domingues, an epidemiologist who ran Brazil’s immunization program until 2019. “It’s a phenomenon

we don’t know how to explain.” There have been no new sweeping or large-scale containment measures in the region, although some countries have imposed strict border controls. A major factor in the recent drop in cases, experts say, is the speed with which the region ultimately managed to vaccinate people. Governments in South America have generally not faced the kind of apathy, politicization and conspiracy theories around vaccines that left much of the United States vulnerable to the highly contagious Delta variant. In Brazil, which had a slow, chaotic vaccine rollout, nearly 64 percent of the population has received at least one dose of a vaccine, a rate that exceeds that of the United States. That led President Jair Bolsonaro, who had initially sowed doubts about vaccines, to brag last month. “Brazil has one of the best performances on vaccination globally,” he said in a Twitter post. In Chile and Uruguay, more than 70 percent of the population has been fully vaccinated. As cases have dropped, schools in much of the region have resumed in-person classes. Airports are becoming busier as more people have started traveling for work and leisure. The drop in caseloads led the United Nations this past week to provide a more optimistic projection of economic growth in the region. It now expects economies in Latin America and the Caribbean to grow by 5. percent this year, a slight increase from its 5.2 estimate in July. “We’ve managed to delay major circulation of the Delta variant and move forward with the biggest vaccination campaign in our history,” Carla Vizzotti, Argentina’s health minister, said last week. In Argentina, more than 61 percent of the population has received at least one dose of a vaccine. Chrystina Barros, a health care expert at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, said she worries that falling caseloads will lead people to become complacent about wearing masks and avoiding crowds while the epidemic remains a threat. “There is a serious risk of putting the very effectiveness of the vaccine at risk,” she said. “The cooling of the pandemic cannot inspire people to relax in relation to the crisis.” Jairo Méndez Rico, a viral diseases expert advising the World Health Organization, said the Delta variant may have been slow to gain traction in South America because so many people in the region have natural immunity from having had the virus. But he said the variant could still lead to new surges. “It’s not easy to explain,” he said. “It’s too early to say what is happening.” Despite the uncertainty, governments in South America are moving to reopen borders in coming months. President Alberto Fernández of Argentina said in late July that the path to normalcy was in sight. “We deserve another life, a life in which we enjoy music, painting, sculptures, movies, theater,” he said. “A life in which we can laugh without a face mask, where we can hug those we love.” Jennifer Mac Donnell, a cosmetologist in Buenos Aires, is days away from a mid- September wedding — a milestone that has felt uncertain for much of the year. “We feared we were going to be forced to cancel it,” the 39-year-old said. “Now we’re much more calm, cases are down, most of our friends are vaccinated and everyone is just focused on having a good time.”

TEXT 3: UK Supreme Court JUDGMENT

The Financial Conduct Authority (Appellant) v Arch Insurance (UK) Ltd and others (Respondents) Hiscox Action Group (Appellant) v Arch Insurance (UK) Ltd and others (Respondents) Argenta Syndicate Management Ltd (Appellant) v The Financial Conduct Authority and others (Respondents) Royal & Sun Alliance Insurance Plc (Appellant) v The Financial Conduct Authority and others (Respondents) MS Amlin Underwriting Ltd (Appellant) v The Financial Conduct Authority and others (Respondents) Hiscox Insurance Company Ltd (Appellant) v The Financial Conduct Authority and others (Respondents) QBE UK Ltd (Appellant) v The Financial Conduct Authority and others (Respondents) Arch Insurance (UK) Ltd (Appellant) v The Financial Conduct Authority and others (Respondents) before Lord Reed, President Lord Hodge, Deputy President Lord Briggs Lord Hamblen Lord Leggatt JUDGMENT GIVEN ON 15 January 2021 Heard on 16, 17, 18 and 19 November 2020 LORD HAMBLEN AND LORD LEGGATT: (with whom Lord Reed agrees) I Introduction

response: “contain”, “delay”, “research” and “mitigate”. It also referred to the possibility of introducing social distancing measures and asked people to think about how they could minimise contact with others. […]

TEXT 4: Speech by President von der Leyen at the European Parliament Plenary on the state of play of the EU's

COVID-19 Vaccination Strategy, Brussels, 21 February 2021

Mr President, Minister, Honourable Members, In Poland, 94 per cent of medical workers

and 80 per cent of care-home residents had been vaccinated by the beginning of February. In

Denmark the figure for care-home residents is as high as 93 per cent. And in Italy over four per

cent of the population have now received a dose. These three examples show that, in many

parts of Europe, the vaccination campaign is gathering pace.

A total of 26 million doses of vaccine have been delivered in Europe since December. Over

17 million people have been vaccinated. And we will work as hard as we possibly can to meet

our big target, which is to vaccinate 70 per cent of the adult population of Europe by the end of

the summer.

Nevertheless, the fact is that today we are not where we want to be in combating the virus.

We were late in granting authorisation. We were too optimistic about mass production. And

maybe we also took for granted that the doses ordered would actually arrive on time. We must

ask ourselves why, and what lessons we can draw from it.

But let me start with three points of which I am wholly convinced: it was right – and is right

– that we Europeans ordered our vaccine jointly and that we are now sharing it in a spirit of

solidarity. I don't even want to imagine what it would have meant if some large Member States

had secured the vaccine while the rest went empty-handed. What would that have meant for

our internal market, and for European unity? It would have made no economic sense. And it

would have meant the end of our Community.

The second point I am deeply convinced of: The same solidarity must also be shown with our

partners in our neighbourhood and across the world. This is also a matter of stopping the

spread of the virus to reduce the likelihood of mutations. The access to vaccines for low- and

middle-income countries is therefore as much about our own interest as it is about solidarity.

And this is why we set up COVAX – COVAX, the Facility in which high-income countries can

finance the access to vaccines for low- and middle-income countries.

As Team Europe – that is the Member States and the European institutions – we have

provided EUR 850 million, making us one of the biggest contributors to COVAX. And COVAX

will start delivering vaccines as of this month. And I am sure that this House will agree that we

need more. Because our responsibility extends far beyond Europe's borders.

Honourable Members, The third point that I should like to make concerns our approach and

our procedure. We have chosen not to cut any corners as regards safety or effectiveness. This

is a choice that we stand by wholeheartedly. There are no compromises to be made when we

are injecting a biologically active substance into a healthy person.

And this is why we rely on the evaluation procedure followed by the EMA – our European

Medicines Agency. Yes, this means that approval takes an extra three to four weeks. And that

extra time is an investment that is crucial to trust and safety.

But it is true that there are also lessons to be drawn from the procedure we have followed.

And we are already drawing them. First, we must improve the way in which data from clinical

trials are shared with the EMA. That is why we are now launching a new European clinical-trial

network. At the same time, our Health Commissioner Stella Kyriakides is to work on a

regulatory framework that will enable EMA to examine vaccines as quickly as possible.

Another lesson to be drawn concerns the mass production of vaccines. We were all highly

focused on the development of the vaccine – and rightly so. But overall we have

underestimated the difficulties inherent in mass production. Producing a new vaccine normally

takes between five and ten years. We did it in the space of ten months. That is a major

scientific achievement of which we should be proud.

But science has in a sense overtaken industry. Producing new vaccines is a highly complex

process. There is simply no way of setting up a production facility overnight. Furthermore, the

vaccines concerned contain up to 400 components – and over 100 undertakings are involved in

production.

That is why we have set up – under the leadership of Thierry Breton (our Internal Market

Commissioner) – a taskforce whose job is to step up the industrial production of vaccines. The

aim is to identify problems and to help to find solutions to them. Industry needs to keep up with

science.

Honourable Members, Indeed, industry has to match the ground-breaking pace of science.

We fully understand that difficulties will arise in the mass production of vaccines. But Europe

has invested billions of euros in capacities, in advance. And we urged the Member States to

plan their vaccine roll-out. So now we all need predictability.

And this is why we introduced the export transparency and authorisation mechanism. To be

very clear: We do not intend to restrict companies that are honouring their contracts with the

European Union. And there is an automatic exemption for exports to the EEA countries, for the

Western Balkans and the rest of our neighbourhood, for humanitarian needs, and for the 92

low- and middle-income countries covered by COVAX. So Europe is always ready to help. But

we insist on our fair share.

And as far as the mechanism goes, allow me a word on the island of Ireland. The bottom line

is that mistakes were made in the process leading up to the decision. And I deeply regret that.

But in the end, we got it right. And I can reassure you that my Commission will do its utmost to

protect the peace in Northern Ireland. Just as it has done throughout the entire Brexit process.

Honourable Members, The battle against the virus is a marathon and not a sprint. It needs

foresight, endurance and stamina. Almost every day we hear news of different variants and

how contagious they are. We do not yet have the full picture when it comes to the effectiveness

of treatments and vaccines on new strains. But we do know these variants will continue to

emerge. And we do know that we need to anticipate and prepare immediately. This is why we

start our new HERA (Health Emergency Response Authority) project now, by launching our

preparedness agenda against new variants next week. […]

Honourable Members, We all know that the information we have on the virus and the

vaccines can change by the hour. This is why we will set up a contact group between the

European Parliament and the Commission. And I will do my utmost to ensure that you are able

to scrutinise all the contracts we have signed. Because I know that trust needs transparency.

Honourable Members, We are all doing the best we can to fight the virus. In our families, in

our towns, cities and communities, in the Member States and at European level. We should

acknowledge the efforts that each one of us is making. We will overcome this challenge only if

we stand together. Our common enemy is the virus.

Long live Europe. Thank you!

TEXT 5: Covid-19: Proof of Vaccination HANSARD

Volume 812: debated on Monday 14 June 2021, UK Parliamentary Debate

Asked by Lord Blunkett To ask Her Majesty’s Government what facility they will make available as proof of vaccination for those wishing to travel who do not have a smart phone and access to the verification app. The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Department of Health and Social Care (Lord Bethell) (Con) My Lords, since May, individuals in England who have had two doses of an approved Covid-19 vaccine have been able to demonstrate their vaccine status for international travel. The services can be accessed through digital and non-digital routes, via the NHS app and the NHS website or by calling 111 to request a letter. The devolved Administrations are making available similar letters for use in travelling overseas. Over 63,000 people have requested a letter since the service was launched. Lord Blunkett (Lab) [V] I am very grateful to the Minister for his positive answer. Can he tell the House exactly how long it takes to get a printed letter as opposed to downloading the app, and how this will relate to the new electronic travel authorisation, which hopefully will coincide with lifting restrictions on British travellers here and abroad? Lord Bethell (Con) My Lords, 57,000 people have received their letters so far. I am not aware of any delays. Those who wish to can use a pharmacy for the delivery of their letters. It is encouraging news and we have gone to considerable lengths to meet the suggestions of charities which we engaged with on the letters. They are available in different languages and in Braille.

include people with learning disabilities, Autistic people, people living with dementia or brain injuries, and/or people with mental health issues. Human rights law is important in helping make decisions about care and treatment, including vaccination. What is the vaccine? Covid-19 (often referred to as Covid, Corona, Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2), is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus (the name given to a group of similar illnesses). Whereas most people infected with Covid- experience mild to moderate flu like symptoms, there have been many deaths from this virus. There is an increased risk of death to people belonging to vulnerable groups, such as people with underlying health conditions. Covid-19 spread quickly globally and was declared a pandemic on 11 March 2020 by the World Health Organisation. As governments around the world have taken measure to combat the spread of the disease, scientists have worked on creating a new vaccine to eliminate and control Covid-19. There are now several different vaccines which all work in a similar way. We refer to them collectively as ‘the vaccine’ for ease. The vaccine can stop people getting very unwell from Covid-19 by helping the immune system to fight the virus without actually getting the illness. Like all medical treatments some people may have side effects from the vaccine and some people may not be able to take it for medical reasons. In the UK, the vaccine is available from the NHS and it is free. The vaccine is being offered to different groups of people at different times according to the priority list decided by the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation. Which human rights are relevant when making choices around vaccines? The Human Rights Act sets out 16 rights that every person in the UK has, and the legal duties on public bodies to uphold these rights. You can read all about the Human Rights Act in our new Easy Read Guide to the Human Rights Act. The legal duty to uphold human rights applies in healthcare settings, this is because the NHS is a public body. This duty also applies to private groups or charities delivering NHS services. Staff working in these settings, have legal duties to respect, protect and fulfil human rights. This legal duty applies to the planning and delivery of vaccines. This guide covers the rights of people accessing healthcare services with regards to the vaccine. It is important to also note that staff working within healthcare settings have the same human rights, and these also need to be respected, protected and fulfilled. You can find out more about the human rights of staff in our short guide to the Covid-19 vaccine and human rights for staff working in public bodies. There are several legally protected rights involved when considering people’s choices around taking the vaccine. Some of these are listed below.

 The right to life (Article 2 HRA) : Here we cover issues including the duty to protect life and failures to protect

life.

 The right to be free from inhuman or degrading treatment (Article 3 HRA) : Here we cover issues including

serious mental or physical harm and restraint.

 Right to liberty (Article 5 HRA): Here we cover issues including mental health, mental capacity and restraint.

 Right to private and family life, home and correspondence (Article 8 HRA) : Here we cover issues including

autonomy, wellbeing and “vaccine passports”.

 Right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion (Article 9) : Here we cover issues including the right to

hold and act on strongly held beliefs.

 The right to be free from discrimination (Article 14 HRA) : Here we cover issues including groups of people

being treated differently. The right to life (Article 2 HRA) This means that public officials cannot deliberately take your life and includes a duty to take proactive, reasonable steps to protect life. This positive duty to take steps applies when official know (or ought to have known) that your life is at serious and immediate risk. When governments and public bodies make decisions on public health where is a large risk to life issue, such as the administration of the vaccine, they must think about protecting the right to life. The right to life is what we call an absolute human right, meaning that the government (and public bodies and services, e.g., NHS or public health services) must protect this right. As an absolute right, the right to life cannot be lawfully restricted, including by healthcare staff (there are some very specific circumstances where actions resulting on loss of life by a government official will not breach the right to life, but these are limited to criminal justice or security areas)

linguistica inglese e e e, Test d'ammissione di Linguistica Inglese

Documenti correlati